Vacation essay for school

April 10, 2014, my family and I went of an educational fielder. For our educational trip, we went on a cruise to Port Canaveral, Florida, Nassau, Bahamas, and Freeport, Bahamas. I felt the trip was educational because, I learned something new at each stop. In Port Canaveral, Florida I learned about biology. â€Å"BIO† means life and â€Å"logy† means the study of; Biology means the study of life. At Port Canaveral I studied the life of manatees. I learned that they are endangered and did not like to come to shore.Since manatees are endangered they had to live at a Sanctuary Park. This place was made so the manatees did not get hit by boats and did not become extinct. Nassau, Bahamas is where I experienced the culture of the Bahamas. I went shopping with my family. While I was shopping, I noticed that it did not look the shops at Pennsylvania. The shops in Nassau, Bahamas where bright and colorful little huts. I had the opportunity to go into â€Å"The Grass Hut† and experienced the Bahamas true culture.The Grass Hut was composed f at least 20 different shops. This included a wood carving stand and that could also be used as a purse weaving stand. Everything In The Grass Hut was handmade and you got to see the people who made the purses or wood carvings that you bought, make another one. Freeport, Bahamas Is lined with beautiful, natural beaches that the natives appreciate. Freeport is the 2nd largest city In the Bahamas and with It being a tourist hot-spot; they use that to their advantage.At this stop, I learned bout the economy and how they make money off the natural resources. With the ocean, they thrive off of the actives that are possible for tourists to do (for example, snorkeling, water skiing, swimming, etc. ) During my trip, I learned about the culture and economy of the Bahamas; the biology of Port Canaveral, Florida. I feel that I could not be able to experience everything that I did on my trip or even begin to study about it in school. This is an experience that I will never forget and gave me lasting memories.

Ethics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services Essay

Our clients are placing a high level of trust in us and we must honor that commitment by ensuring no confidential information is disseminated outside our company or to those inside the company who may have a conflict of interest. Above all else we will be professional with our clients and work to the best of our ability to provide them with unrivaled service. Since we specialize in working with nonprofit companies the majority of clients we work with will have an Ethical Code as well. When available we will take their Code of Ethics into account for any work we will be doing where we act on their behalf. Since we work with many nonprofit and volunteer based organizations we encourage everyone to volunteer and donate time as they see fit with the following guidelines; 1) Volunteering will not be done to curry favor with the business before they are a client. 1) Volunteering will not be done during an active consulting project with the company you are consulting with. 2) It is up to you to determine if volunteering for one of our clients will result in a conflict of interest. Training Program All New-Hire employees will receive a minimum of Four (4) hours of Ethics training during their first week with the company. At a minimum the following will be covered; 1) Code of Conduct 1) Actual ethical situations that have arisen with the company in the past a. Bribes / Gifts b. Conflicts of Interest c. Relationships with Clients 2) Who to talk to if an ethical situation or question arises d. Owners e. Ethics Point Hotline At the end of the training you should be able to understand the following items (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2008); 1) Recognize Situations that might require ethical decision making 1) Understand the values and culture of the organization ) Evaluation the impact of your ethical decisions on the company 3) The difference between your ethical values and those of the companies. During your training if you have any suggestions to add or have ethical situations you’d like to discuss please do not hesitate to bring it up with the trainer. We understand that everyone has had experiences in personal life and when working with other companies. Those experiences can help us expan d and improve upon on our existing training and update our Code of Conduct as required. Training Program – Yearly Refresher At a minimum of once a year, the entire company will convene for an Ethical Situations Round Table. Topics will include newsworthy stories of other companies and any closed ethical issues within the company. This is a time not only to discuss ethical situations but to work as a group in finding the ideal solution to how the company should handle similar issues. We want to be a step ahead and be prepared for events that could affect the company. Reporting/Monitoring of Discussing an Ethical Situation During your time with the company you may run into situations that you would like guidance on. The Owners of the company have an open door policy for talking about these issues. It is better to talk about them before they happen than after they happen though. The Owners will work with you on the situation for the best outcome for the company. They are invested in the company and ensuring the company makes ethical decisions ensures long term growth and profitability. Alternatively we have contract with Ethics Point to provide a hotline for reporting or discussing ethical situations if you do not feel comfortable talking with the owners about the situation in question. Your call to Ethics Point (â€Å"Hotline Reporting -,† 2012) will be confidential but information about the situation will be reported to the owners so they can work through the situation. The company also leverages Microsoft Exchange for monitoring E-mails of all Employees to proactively deal with potential ethical issues that may arise while working with our clients. Due to this type of monitoring we highly recommend that personal issues are not dealt with using your business e-mail address. Investigating Ethical Issues or Situations The company has contracted with Ethics Point to handle the investigation of any serious Ethical situations. Due to the nature of Ethics Violations it can be a conflict of interest in our small company if the Employee’s or Owners were tasked with these investigations. We also do not want to create a hostile atmosphere during or after the investigation. During an investigation your cooperation with Ethics Point is required. Failure to cooperate with the Investigation will lead to disciplinary actions that may include termination of employment. Disciplinary Action for Ethics Violations While we hope that we are able to provide you with enough training, reinforcement and the cultural atmosphere to be able to avoid an ethical issue, it does happen. Violations of the Code of Conduct will be handled by the CEO with recommendations from Ethics Point if they are if they are handling the case. Action will be based on the following items: 1) Damage of reputation or character of the company 2) Loss of Clients 3) Actions taken by the company to remedy the situation Action taken will be one or more of the following: 1) Additional Ethics Training 2) Leading one of the Yearly Ethical Discussions 3) Volunteer time with the Nonprofit of your choice 4) Time off w/ out Pay or use of vacation 5) Transfer of Account(s) to another consultant 6) Termination of Employment Reviewing and Improving our Ethical Culture At the end of each year after the yearly discussions all aspects of the Ethics code will be reviewed and updated as required. With the ever changing business environment and new situations that are constantly popping up in the media it becomes mandatory that we do our best to keep the Ethics program relevant. With all things relating to the Ethics Program we encourage feedback and suggestions throughout the year, not just at the yearly meeting. All suggestions received throughout the year will be discussed by the owners frequently and any changes to the program will be made. The ethics program belongs just as much the Company as it does the employee. The employee’s will rely on it as a frame of reference for how to work through difficult situations and the company will rely on it to guide the employee’s in their daily activities. If the company is successful the employee’s will be successful. In addition to the yearly meetings and annual review of the Ethics Program, every 3 years Ethics Point will audit the program and supply recommendations that may be implemented.

Academic Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Success - Essay Example 1). To be successful, extreme effort needs to be applied to reach one’s goals. Purpose, responsibility, hard work all lead to success. Students who apply these principles have a greater chance of achieving success. Students need to have a purpose to be successful. Personal and professional goals need to be accurately identified to ensure educational success. At the onset, students should have a deep and genuine desire for growth and development. The identified goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and within an identified time frame. Then, strategies must be appropriately designed towards attaining these goals. Being truly dedicated, motivated, and focused are the characteristics that students need to fulfill the educational endeavor that they desire. Organization and personal responsibility should be taken seriously. Students need to undergo personal assessments to be true to themselves regarding assuming the needed personal responsibility. Challenges must be anticipated and addressed by working hard and accepting the outcome; especially for situations that are beyond one’s control. Students should be prepared to accept the results of academic efforts; or be able to immediately address imminent weaknesses through improvements and application of academic strategies that would assist in enhancing performance. Practicing the principles of observing personal responsibility require personal discipline. The principles necessitate exhibiting dedication to achieve defined goals; organizing and prioritizing academic endeavors; earmarking continuous educational growth; applying time management skills; as well as sustaining a focused and well-motivated perspective without being frustrated in tough times. As assuming personal responsibility requires the implementation of a carefully designed plan of action, students need to acquaint themselves on the development of planning strategies and incorporate factors that would assist

Illegal Immigration and the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Illegal Immigration and the Family - Essay Example The separation of family members results in negatively impacting the overall family and especially children. Therefore, illegal immigration has even negatively impacted the family aspect of bringing up and rearing children. Illegal immigration separates children from their parents and as a result of this children experience difficulty in the psychological as well as social development. Many of the illegal immigrant children who have been separated from their family are brought up in foster families. According to Wessler, during the period of 2011 more than 5100 children had to be adopted by foster parents as their blood related parents were deported back to their home nation. Due to this, children experience issues in adjusting to the values, norms and culture of their foster family. Furthermore, some children are not even able to ever gain proper family environment that is necessary for their development. Deportation of illegal immigrants even causes another family related issue whi ch is single parent households. These households are those where either the father or the mother of a child is present and looks after the child. According to Landale et al. more than 22% of Hispanic children were living with a single parent during the period of 2011 (Landale et al.,

The Presidency of James Polk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Presidency of James Polk - Essay Example But as these authors have revealed, such a conclusion may be questionable in the light of the events that surrounded the Presidency and Polk’s political career. By highlighting elements and aspects of the Polk Presidency that have not been as widely or as well known, these three authors have questioned whether Polk’s contribution to the United States was an entirely favorable one. Bergeron’s book has also detailed the American war in Mexico and President Polk’s role in American acquisition of territories in the southwest. This book is notable in that it highlights the covert role of the executive in manipulating the events that led to the declaration of hostilities between the United States and Mexico over disputed territories in Texas, New Mexico and California. Bergeron has discussed covert operations undertaken by President Polk, notably the annexation of new Texas territory. This operation was designed in such a manner as to incite a confrontation and thereby provide an excuse for the United States to annex the territory (Bergeron, 1987:67-70). As a part of this strategy, Commodore Robert Stockton was posted to the disputed Mexican border, in order to monitor the developments there. In May of 1845, Stockton recommended that the Texan authorities should gather their forces and challenge Mexican claims to the territory between the rivers Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. He proposed that local militia units should be called up under the command of General Sidney Sherman and armed with weapons to be covertly supplied to them by the United States Government but purportedly acquired from private sources. Stockton’s plan was supported by President Polk, but failed to go through because Anson Jones, who was the President of the Texan Republic, rejected it.

Nike Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Nike - Case Study Example lizing its main objectives hence giving it ideas on what ought to be done in order to achieve these objectives and Nike Company is not different because it also has its mission and vision. The company’s mission is to offer inspiration to all athletes globally (Nike Inc., 2014). Nike Company has strived to achieve this mission because to date, most athletes taking part in national competitions such as Olympics or marathon are supplied with footwear to enable them participate comfortably. The company’s vision is that everybody has the capacity of becoming an athlete since the company provides all the necessary gears (Nike Inc., 2013). Nike Company has a number of strengths; the company has a global recognition for its apparels that are normally used in sports (Lussier & Kimball, 2009).Apart from its high quality apparel, the company also known for its innovative marketing techniques. For instance, the company normally uses prominent sportsmen such as tiger woods and Michael Jordan while marketing their products (Lussier & Kimball, 2009). Apart from strengths, the company also has a number of weaknesses. For instance, the company has had some management problems. Since resignation of the company’s founder in 2005, the company has had two CEOs in a span of two years (Lussier & Kimball, 2009). Apart from management issues, the company is also experiencing a decline in sales especially in the United States. For instance, there company experiences higher sales in continents such as Europe and Asia than in the United States where the Nike’s headquarters are located (Lussier & Kimball, 2009). This is due to high competition from other companies such as Adidas and Reebok that also specialize in production of sports accessories. The company has several opportunities that if properly utilized will result to an increase in the number of sales hence higher incomes. The company has signed an agreement with Apple Company that will see the company develop an application

The growth of inequality in many countries and it's impact on U.S Research Paper

The growth of inequality in many countries and it's impact on U.S multinational companies and future strategies to deal with its impact - Research Paper Example (Buckley & Ghauri, 2004 p.86) United Nations Human Development Report (1999) said â€Å"Poverty is everywhere. Gaps between the poorest and the richest people and countries have continued to widen. In 1960, the 20% of the world’s people in the richest countries had 30 times the income of the poorest 20% . In 1977, 74 times as much. This continues the trend of nearly two centuries. Some have predicted convergence, but the past decade has shown increasing concentration of income among people, corporations and countries.† (Sala-i-Martin, 2002 p.1; Sala-i-Martin, 2002) Recent research by Soysa and Oneal (1999); UNCTAD (1999); Ram and Zhang (2002); Dollar and Kraay (2002); Bhalla (2002) show us that globalization raises the growth of average incomes in developing countries. However, the standard of living of the poor in these societies could decline if consolidation into the global economy negatively affects the distribution of income. Quite a few researchers conclude that the fears over globalization and letting foreign companies operate in domestic markets: multinational corporations further increase income inequality in developing countries, and thus, marginalize the poorest of the poor. (Brussman et al, 2005 p. 286). Peter Woicke, former executive vice president of the International Finance Corporation, says that 20% of the population in the world controls approximately 80% of the assets and that roughly 1.2 billion people live below the poverty line. Moreover, he says that most of the population growth over the next two to three decades shall take place in poor countries, which means another two billion people will be born poor. (Wilson & Lodge, 2006 p. 9) (Wilson & Lodge, 2006) He believes that this huge challenge of reducing poverty and inequality cannot be handled by the Governments alone. The private sector, particularly the MNC’s must come forward and share this burden and help countries develop socially as well as

CASE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 4

CASE STUDY - Essay Example On the other hand, fibrates function by moderately lowering the levels of LDL while increasing those of high density lipoproteins (HDL) in the plasma, and are recommended for the treatment of hypoalphalipoproteinemia (Staels et al., 1998). This study highlights the steps undertaken in target identification and validation to optimize the efficacy and safety of new drugs. This is exemplified by the effect of statin on low density lipoproteins cholesterol levels in dogs. During drug development process, target identification and validation is important as determines the approach to be used. It is also important so as to identify any issues about reliability, safety and ethics. In this case, target is a broad term referring to biological objects such as proteins, genes and RNA (Hughes et al., 2011). Methods for target identification include: Various techniques have been employed in target validation which range from in vitro tools such as cultured cells and yeast to the use of whole animal models such as invertebrates (Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans), fish, zebra, rats, mice, primate and dogs. Modeling of the wanted target in disease patients has also been applied (Hughes et al., 2011). While each approach is valid in its own right, multi-validation approaches that significantly increase confidence levels in the observed outcome are preferred (Hughes et al., 2011). A total of six cohorts of dogs ‘three statin treated and three placebo treated’ were used in the study. Each cohort comprised of five dogs. The dogs were fed on chow diet for 21 days after the treatment was introduced. The dogs were administered with either statin (10 mg/kg, 20mg/kg or 30mg/kg rosuvastatin) or equal volume of placebo (0.5 ml of 10% 2-hydroxypropyl-ÃŽ ²-cyclodextrin in autoclaved water) treatment. The serum LDL cholesterol levels were monitored once a week for six weeks. Blood samples (0.5 ml) were collected from the retro-orbital plexus

Tools of Monetary Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Tools of Monetary Policy - Essay Example We consider these one by one in what follows. i) The required reserve ratio To understand the operational mechanism of this particular monetary policy tool, it is imperative to understand what the monetary base of an economy is. Essentially, the monetary base of an economy is defined as being the sum total of all cash holdings and reserves in the economy, i.e., the monetary base MB = C+R where C = currency/checkable deposits and R = total reserves. Further, R = RR+ER where RR is the required reserves and ER is the excess reserves. Required reserves are determined through the required reserve ratio (r) which is set by the central bank. The central bank sets the ratio of total deposits that commercial banks and other financial lending institutions have to hold as reserves. The excess reserves are the reserve holdings maintained by these banks for liquidity concerns or prudence over and above the stipulated required reserve holdings. The required reserve ratio is the policy tool by regu lating which the central bank can control the amount of excess reserves and thus loanable funds of the banks. Thus by controlling these reserves the money supply in the economy can be regulated. If the central bank intends to undertake expansionary monetary policy it can do so by relaxing the reserve requirement and consequentially increasing the amount of loans that can be made in the economy. If on the other hand it needs to conduct contractionary monetary policy, it can do so by making the reserve requirement more stringent. ii) The discount policy The discount rate is one of the monetary policy tools of the central bank of an economy. It is the rate of interest that the central bank charges for short term loans that it forwards to other banks that require such loans to cover shortages in their liquidity requirements. Discount policy affects the money supply of an economy through two channels: first, by affecting the discount rate on loans and thus in turn affecting the amount of loans indirectly and secondly, by altering the amounts of the short term loans directly. In case of the first channel, that is changing the discount rate, this may or may not have an impact on money supply depending on the position of the demand for reserves (RD). The effect of increasing the discount rate on the money supply is shown below in diagram 1. In part (a), the demand for reserves is not high enough and as a result there are no changes in the equilibrium reserve holdings. In part (b) there is a high demand for reserves and as a consequence, there is a decline in the equilibrium reserve holdings. Figure 1: Impact of increases in the discount rate In the diagram above, there is an increase in the discount rate from to . Consequentially the supply of reserves schedule rises from to . However, observe that in part (a) the demand for reserves are lower than in part (b). In particular the demand for reserves schedule is not high enough in part (a) to substantiate any efficacy o f increasing the discount rate. In fact in such a scenario, a decline in the discount rate could have an impact by increasing the equilibrium reserve holdings if the rate is lowered below the bank rate. However, this will make sense if the resulting effect of increased money supply is the desired result. As a result, albeit the increase in the discount rate leads to a rise in the supply of reserves, there is no change in the equilibri

Greek Influence on Western Literature Essay Example for Free

Greek Influence on Western Literature Essay Slide One: The plays performed at the Festival of Dionysus represented a completely new performance genre: drama. Plays like Oedipus Rex, Medea, and Antigone laid the groundwork for the great plays to make up the western canon, from Shakespeares Hamlet to Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman. Slide Two: This era also saw the birth and development of a new literary genre: tragedy. In plays like Oedipus Rex, the basic tragic structure in which a character experiences a change from happiness to suffering was codified and refined. In the hands of writers like Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, it became a vehicle for the exploration of some of humanitys fundamental fears and questions about existence. You can see the same questions being explored in works by Shakespeare, for example, hundreds of years later. Today, more than 2,000 years later, these plays are still studied by modern tragic playwrights. Slide Three: Finally, the Athenian tragedies were important because they put humans at the center of the story. In the Iliad, for example, the gods are closely involved in the action — they take sides, they intervene on behalf of their heroes, and so on. While gods do appear in these plays, it is the very human protagonists such as Oedipus or Medea who take center stage, and whose actions determine the plot. This change signaled a shift in focus from the supernatural to the human in literature, which would have a profound influence on the Western tradition, particularly after the Middle Ages.

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing Marketing Essay

Domestic Marketing And International Marketing Marketing Essay Tesco operates globally; in addition to UK it operates in Republic of Ireland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Turkey and Poland. Tesco also operates in Asian market which includes; South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and Taiwan. Tesco performance is highly influenced by the above countries government legislations including EU. For operating in these countries, Tesco has to develop the job opportunities for the local people in order to grow the business in these countries. Economic: Like any other organisation the Tesco is also influenced by economic factors, one of the most influential factors is a high unemployment level in the market, which has effectively decreases the demand for many products. These economic factors are externally generated and is not in companys control, but the effect of these economic factors are on performance and marketing mix of the organisation. Tesco is expanding internationally and expecting to contribute great amount to tescos profit but still highly dependent on UK market. Social/Cultural factors: Due to current trends of market customers have moved to One-Stop and bulk shopping practice which is in response of variety of social changes. In result of this change Tesco has increased the amount of non-food products available for sale. The existing demographic changes where there is an increase in female workers and result in decline the home meal preparation the Tesco focused on added value products and services for the customers. Customers are becoming more health conscious and their attitude towards the food is constantly changing, the example is increase demand of organic products. Technological: Technology is a major macro-environmental factor which has influenced the production and development of many products of Tesco. This benefits both customer and the organisation in shape of goods are readily available, personalised services and convenient shopping experience. Due to launch of Efficient Consumer Response the Tesco stores are utilising the following technologies; Wireless devices Intelligent scale Electronic shelf labelling Self checkout machine Radio frequency identification Environment: One of the main societal issue which has affected and threatening the food retailers was environmental issues, the core area for the organisation to act in a social responsible way. Due to these ethical stance Tesco social responsibility is concerned with the ways that an organisation exceeds the minimum stakeholders specified obligations by regulation and corporate governance. Tesco focuses on the strategy for sustainable consumption and production of cut waste and reduce the consumption of resources to minimise the environmental damage. Legislative: Like any other organisation Tesco is not free of Governments various legislations and policies which directly influence the Tesco performance. For example The Food Retailing Commission, has suggested the enforcement of Code of Practice has banned many current practices of Tesco. In order to apply the politically correct pricing policies, Tesco offers consumers price reduction on fuel purchases based on the amount spent on groceries at its stores. Segmentation, targeting and positioning model of Tesco: Market Segmentation: It is process through which the organisations identify the different portions of the market according to how the market will respond to various products and services features. Segmenting any market is a vital part for any organisation to identify their customer needs and wants. Tesco has entered the market with a range of segmented products and services based on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural. The reason for dividing the market into small segments is to address the needs and wants of smaller groups based on various factors and to produce according the consuming habits of the buyers. Tesco has segmented the market in such a way, which covers all kind of population regardless of social, aging, gender and environment. Tesco has segmented the market by providing food and non-food products to the buyers to give options to everyone. Targeting: Tesco entered to the market with the range of options including targeted to the richer (Tesco finest) and poorer end (Tesco value) ends of the market, which has taken significant number of customers from Sainsbury. Tesco has also targeted to the multi-cultural customers; for instance, by providing Indian currys food which has increased the number of customers in Tesco by having an option of food variety. Positioning: Positioning plays an important role when attracting customers, this is a process where customers build an image of the brand and are able to understand the uniqueness of the particular brand or product when compare to the other brands or products. Tesco has positioned its markets through different ways; for instance, Tesco Extra larger market, Tesco supermarket sized standard large supermarket, Tesco metro in between Tesco express and Tesco supermarket, Tesco Express neighbourhood convenience store. Tesco is large organisation providing every kind of product to the customers and opened in every town that is convenient for everyone. Select two products in different markets and make justified recommendations for which market segments should be targeted. There are number of alternate products that consumer buy due to their cultural and religion reasons. If we take an example of meat and halal meat to justify why market segments should be targeted. Taking into account that there are many multinationals lives in the UK from different cultural and religion background. Tesco is providing a wide range of food products which also includes the meat. Considering the segmentation when we divide the market into small segments to justify and fulfil the needs of consumers its very important to look into what type of markets organisations are targeting based on the demographic and behavioural aspect. Some of the markets targeted are based on muslim community who do not eat pork and the meat providing the stores are not halal, considering the fact that not every customer is buying a meat just due to the religious reasons the organisations should target the local market where they segment the products. If Tesco segment the market in such a way that fulfil the locals requirement it will be more effective to the organisation to target the market. The prime example is Asda, inspite that it is also one of the superstore it provides the halal meat for those who can not buy meat because of religious reasons. They feel comfortable to go to Asda and do the meat purchase. Considering this example the organisations should target the markets through segmentation. Select two different buying situations and explain how buyer behaviour affects the marketing activities. Explaining the situation where buyer behaviour affects the marketing activities the tobacco is a prime example of certain situations where customers prohibits the smoking and banned the advertisement which influences the youngsters. The buying behaviour has changed the marketing activities since the policies about the sale of tobacco came into effect. In any store the tobacco is not sold unless the consumer is above 16 years old. This restriction has changed the marketing terminologies for the suppliers. Propose new positioning for a selected product/service. Launching any new product or service it is very important that the organisation has done the marketing process. Understanding the customer needs and wants is very important to conduct the research and design the strategies to fulfil the market demand. When positioning any product of service there are number of factors involve to consider, from which the cultural and religion factors are key areas. When position any product in the market it is very important to understand the cultural and social values of the targeting market. For example as we have discussed earlier that muslim community go for halal food, similar to successfully positioning the market in India the organisation needs to make sure that providing the vegetarian products to the consumers. Task 3 The extended marketing mix: The marketing mix model is used as a tool to assist in defining the marketing strategies to the marketers. Some marketing mix models follow the 7 Ps but we consider only 4 Ps which are most common variables used in constructing a marketing mix that includes; price, product, place and promotion. In context of Tesco, its entry in Chinese market should adapt to the culture of the customers in the China. However, the company should keep itself on the organisations own policies and grounds. Product: considering the Chinese market, once the Tesco take control of their shops the management should set off their strategies by marketing their products in such a way to boost the companys market presentation and market share. Tesco needs to consider revising their strategies and models of their products to provide Chinese customers what they need and want. By developing such strategies to customise the products to fulfil local requirements Tesco will build its image in Chinese territory. Price: by looking at Tesco situation, as its an established super store but launching in Chinese market one way is to acquire the cost advantages by enhancing the efficiencies process, expanding the large suppliers contacts on lower cost materials. If the rival super markets will be incapable to lower their costs of products by a comparable quantity, the chances for Tesco to sustain a competitive advantage anchored cost leadership. Place: placing the product with attractive price is very important for an organisation. since Tesco is placing its products in Chinese market to develop its successful operations it should make an investments in store expansions in low-income areas. Through this the Tesco will be able to open sites in economically disadvantage areas in China and this will enable the company to gain the trust of local luminaries favour from the local government by providing employment to the locals. Promotion: Tesco should constitute the approach, which is based on long-term strategic plan that centres on generating value to expand the loyalty of their customers. Tesco should not only strapping in non-food as food products and services but also establishing and extending the long-term good relationship with the consumers by ensuring a competent provision of its products and services. Task 4: Plan marketing mix for two different segments in consumer markets: As market segmentation is the process of dividing a total market into market groups consisting of people who have relatively similar product need. The market mix of various market segments sometime vary. The organisations have to customise the prices and features of the products according to the needs and wants of the target market segments. The 4 Ps are the parameters of marketing that the manager has to control, depend on internal and external constraints of the marketing environment. Applying the marketing mix into two different segments is one of marketing managers role. Through applying the customise marketing mix according to the market segments give an organisation a competitive advantage to attract the local buyers. The objective of marketing mix is to make a decision that centres the four Ps on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate a positive response. Segmenting Indian market: If we segment Indian market, we have to consider all the variable factors involved in making marketing mix decisions, as India is one of the emerging markets in the economy the marketing mix decisions will be base on all the pestle factors as well as swot analysis. Product decision: Product refers to tangible or physical product as well as services. When taking the product decision to segment Indian market one should consider the following: Brand name Functionality Quality Packaging Warrantly Styling Above are some of factors to be consider while making product decision. When segmenting an Indian market, we should consider the cultural and social environment of the country also the localities where we open the stores. What kind of audience we are targeting to segment the product. Is it based on age, cultural or belief factors. Price decision: Pricing is also one of the important element, when segmenting the Indian market the marketing manager has to consider following aspects; Pricing strategy Suggested retail price Cash and early payment discounts Bundling Price flexibility Price discrimination When look at Indian market, we should consider the fact either introduce the pricing strategy based on skimming or penetration, again depends on what type of audience we are the targeting. Place decision: Distribution is about getting the products to the customer. When targeting Indian market we need to consider the following channels; Distribution channels Market coverage Inventory management Warehouse Distribution centres Transportation Order processing Promotion decision; Promotion represents the various aspects of marketing communication that circulates the information about the product with the objective of generating a positive customer response. Making decisions to do product promotion in India one need to consider what strategy should be adopted. It includes: Promotional strategy Advertising Personal selling and sales force Sales promotions Publicity Marketing communication budget The differences in marketing products and services to business rather than consumers: The difference between the two concepts is that business marketing tends to concentrate on the sales of goods and services between businesses on the other hand consumer marketing is to concentrate on the sale of goods and services to the end consumers. The way reaching the business customers needs to be different than approaching consumers. Business to business usually use the direct marketing methods where as end consumers uses indirect method of marketing; Business to Business marketing approach: Networking Selling Tenders/proposal Presentation Seminars Telemarketing Consumers marketing approach: Advertising Signs Media relations Sponsorship Website Word of mouth The difference between domestic marketing and international marketing: International marketing is facing more complex environment. Domestic marketing is conducted in the country of resident and faced corresponding structure of market environment is relatively simple, which consist of the familiar factors to companies, such as domestic political, economic, legal, cultural, environmental and legal issues. However international marketing is facing more complex environments, its a market with multi-level structure and inevitably be subjected to the world market environment including worlds political, military, economic, technological and other aspects.

The Time Traveller by H G Wells. :: English Literature

The Time Traveller by H G Wells. 'Time Travel' For my English Coursework Wide Reading Assignment I have read two S F novels. Even though they were written over 50 years apart they are similar in some ways and different in others. Both the books were based around 'time travel'. The first was the Time Traveller by H G Wells. A scientist had discovered a way to travel through time and when he travels to the future he finds that civilisation has broken down. The other book I read was 'The Sound of thunder' by Ray Bradbury, this was about a group of people who travelled back in time to hunt and kill animals. I think that this shows how Bradbury perceives the way we use the technology we have. It does not seem to be for the benefit of all mankind just as a toy for those who can afford it. It could be used for so much more than hunting dinosaurs. Both authors deliberately make their characters two-dimensional. This may be because the stories are about time travel and civilisation rather than the individuals in the narrative. When Wells wrote his novel there were no telephones or aeroplanes, technology was not so advanced and the reading public would be sceptical about time travel His characters are professional men who will convince the reader that Wells' ideas are possible: QUOTE (the professional bit) It is strange that much of what Wells wrote has come true, even though people may have felt it was far fetched over 100 years ago. In 100 years from now perhaps those 'far fetched' stories of today may come true. It could be that people like Wells and Bradbury had a real insight into the future. Perhaps they saw the way civilisation was going in their own time. Bradbury is more contemporary than Wells and his vision, though fantastical in its own way does not seem so far fetched to a late 20th Century audience. Ray Bradbury generally just uses the character's surname in the story. This keeps a more macho feel to the 'hunting' activities and there are no women. The characters described are hunters: Quote (opening advert) There are several men who have paid their money to travel back to Jurassic times to hunt and kill the dinosaurs: Quote (rules) The tenor of the story remains masculine with the rules reinforced in a curt way: Quote (speaks to Eckles etc.) Bradbury's short story focuses more on the effects of time travel than Wells. In Bradbury's tale when the travellers go back to the past Eckles goes off the suspended path and stands on a butterfly causing great changes when they travel back to their own time.

Role Playing and Control in A Doll’s House Essay -- Dolls House essays

This essay will explore the issue of roles, or game playing, in A Doll’s House. This concept is one key to approaching the play, and particularly Nora's role. Let me further make the observation that one crucial factor in the roles Nora plays is that she needs to be in control, to take the lead role, as it were, using other people either as supporting actors or audience and that she writes her own script. This notion helps me to deal with a question which frequently arises here: How can one woman make so many unexpected transitions? How is it possible for the child-wife to play the adult female tease (with Dr. Rank), the capable determined businesswoman (in her secret dealings with the debt), the frantically desperate woman thinking of suicide, and, above all, the coldly independent mature woman at the conclusion of the play? Well, one common feature these manifestations of Nora's character all have is that they enable her to control others, to assert herself without really attending to, listening carefully to, learning from, or acting on what other people say. Consider for a moment why Nora would not have told Torvald long ago about the debt. The reason she gives is interesting: she doesn't need to at this point in her life--she's young enough and pretty enough to exert her control over him in other ways (and telling about the debt would shatter her image as the clueless but sexy child-wife). However, she is looking forward to using that event in the future, when she can no longer rely upon her looks. How exactly this would help restore his affections may not be clear, but there is certainly a sense that Nora hopes it will make her more important to him. The fact that Nora thinks of her relationship with Torvald in ... ...d she did it (society be damned). Moreover, the hard disciplined work over many years necessary to repay the loan is a tribute to Nora's determination and skill in carrying out her own project, all the while sustaining her own marriage in quite another role. This quality lies at the heart of Nora's heroic character. Her confidence in herself, in her abilities to control the situation, to solve the problem, has led to her success and has confirmed, in her eyes, that she is right. She flouted society's laws, worked hard, and is now about to reap the success of that action by handing over the final payment. It has not been easy, and there are times when a certain strain shows through (as in that mention of the word "Damn"), but there's no sense that Nora feels that she has been compelled to act in this way, that she has not freely chosen to be the person she is.

Biopure Case Study Essay

The key issue is to determine when Oxyglobin should be introduced to the market without jeopardizing Hemopure’s potential and how it should be marketed. In addressing the issue, the following were considered: a sensitivity analysis for potential consumption of different price series, associated revenues and costs, and gross profit from different distribution methods. It is recommended that Biopure: 1. Introduce Oxyglobin immediately at a price of $100 to veterinarians. 2. Have an independent sales force distribute the product to maximize profits. 3. Advertise Oxyglobin in both veterinarian journals and trade shows. 4. Establish a successful brand to launch Hemopure in the future. 5. Oxyglobin should be advertised Based on other Massachusetts companies’ initiatives that have not gotten FDA approval in the last few years, it is safe to assume that it is a possibility not to get the approval or to be given the approval rather late as it happened to Baxter. Further, the potential dip in the stock price if Hemopure were rejected can be avoided if the company acts quickly and takes advantage of a market that currently has no competition: the animal blood substitute market. Obtaining market share is critical now that Biopure’s Oxyglobin has been approved. Biopure has a chance to be the first player to enter this market and recover its research and development costs within two years. Even when Biopure was primarily focused on developing a human blood substitute, the opportunistic development and later approval of Oxyglobin, an animal blood substitute, is a valuable opportunity that has to be considered. Exhibits A and B place potential demand (1995) at 3.9 million units for noncritical cases and 0.35 million units for critical ones. Further, Exhibit C shows the probability of consumption in units after factoring in the probability that veterinarians and pet owners would try Oxyglobin at different price series. The table shows that at $100 a unit, Oxyglobin would be used in 81% of critical cases and in 28% of noncritical cases. Hemopure, the human blood substitute, was only about to enter the third phase of the FDA clinical trials. Only because Oxyglobin and Hemopure are almost identical in physical properties and appearance, it does not mean that they cannot be priced differently. There are currently different medical products and services for humans and animals that are differently priced. Exhibit 8 from the case shows that very few veterinarian procedures are priced over $100. In contrast, a human blood transfusion is priced above $1500 without insurance according to the Houston Memorial Hospital. Hemopure’s market consists of people who lose blood in large quantities like in accidents, gunshots. And and aging population (double of what it is today by 2030) in need of Red Blood Cells to treat certain conditions like chronic anemia and acute blood loss. Launching Oxyglobin at a low price would not necessarily create an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure because human health care is far more expensive than animal care. Additionally, the emerging and growing necessity for blood substitutes will yield great demand in the following years which will translate to higher selling prices for Biopure, all things equal. Despite the fact that Baxter International launched the first human blood substitute, HemAssist (presumably priced between $600 and $800), Baxter International’s and Northfield Laboratories’ blood substitutes rely on outdated human blood as a source of hemoglobin which is more expensive than Biopure’s raw materials (bovine blood) at $1.50 a unit. Moreover, their products need to be frozen until used, while Biopure’s products are shelf-stable at room temperature. This makes Biopure’s products more advantageous because buyers can save money on refrigeration costs as the company makes a higher profit because of their raw material’s lower price. In terms of production, Biopure has capacity to produce only one product at a time, namely, an annual capacity of 300,000 units of Oxyglobin or 150,000 units of Hemopure or some linear combination of the two. On the other hand, Baxter has a production capacity of 1,000,000 Northfield’s capacity is at 10,000 units per year, which is considerably less than Biopure. According to Exhibit D, potential demand for Oxyglobin alone priced at $100 is 1.3 million. Biopure does not have any competition but cannot supply that level of output presently, which would potentially raise prices as demand skyrockets once the product is introduced in the market. Biopure conducted two surveys that showed customers’ willingness to try the product at a higher price depends on the gravity of the emergency. Exhibit E shows that by selling the product at $100 a unit, $137 million can be generated in revenue, which is more than the revenue that can be obtained when selling it at any other price. This has to do with the probability of consumption and its correlation to the gravity of pets situations in general. Veterinarians have expressed their frustration with current animal blood distribution. Biopure has two options distribution options: National-Regional-Local and Independent Sales Force. Comparing distribution costs from Exhibits F and G, it is clear that going for the independent sales force approach Biopure can more than reduce costs by half. Distributing the product (at $100 a unit) with the NRL option would cost around $41 million as opposed to $18 million with independent sales distribution. Exhibits H and I show that the highest gross profit attainable is $120 million when using an independent sales force and pricing Oxyglobin at $100 a unit for veterinarians. These and all exhibits show that Biopure should launch Oxyglobin immediately and recoup the $200 million developing costs in only two years.

Allerca cat

Creates truly unique products—the world’s first scientifically proven hypoallergenic cats. Genetically engineered, the medium sized ALLERCA GD cat weighs 10-15 pounds and is fully mature at age three. According to ALLERCA, the cats have long life expectancies and possess sweet and affectionate dispositions. For a price of about $3,000, you receive a 12-week-old kitten, complete with all shots and vaccinations, an embedded microchip identifier implant, and a one-year guarantee. Customers purchase kittens over the Internet and must pay approximately $1,000 for processing and transportation.The high shipping cost occurs because commercial air shipping is stressful to the animal; therefore, the kitten travels in a specialized private jet courier. According to ALLERCA, the current wait time for the ALLERCA GD kitten is approximately two years. Potential buyers may reduce their wait times to just a few months by paying $2,000 for one of the few kittens in the Premium Placemen t Program. This product is sold over the Internet. How can ALLERCA use Internet advertising technologies to reach its target market? (Visit the Internet Advertising Bureau at www.iab. net to learn about recent technologies. ). What might be the main objectives of advertising and pubic relations for ALLERCA and what factors will affect ALLERCA’s decision about its advertising and PR budgets? In addition to Internet marketing, what other advertising media and PR tools would you choose for promoting ALLERCA and its unique products? It is very important to identify the target market. The Allerca GD cats have a lot of benefits for the users including:- 1. They do not cause allergy as induced by other cats2. They could be beneficial to individuals with health problems such as asthma, psoriasis, skin rashes, etc, and who love cats. Such individuals who may be advised by the doctor not to keep cats in their homes may now do so without any health concerns 3. The life expectancy of suc h cats are longer 4. these cats are sweet and affectionate compared the generic ones 5. It is easier to identify these cats as they have a microchip embedded beneath their skin 6. The cats are free of disease and infections as they are vaccinated 7.The cats can be purchased over the internet and hence the customer does not have any hassle of going to the buyer and purchasing the cat 8. the Customer gets a guarantee that the cat is genetically modified and has the characteristics claimed to be possessed 9. The animal is given the best treatment as it is not transported by road or air cargo 10. The customer would get the cat earlier if needed a nominal amount is paid The internet strategy of reaching the target audience forms an important part of marketing in order to be successful. The first important step would be to identify the target market.Invariable the organization should involve this in their marketing plan. IF an individual who suffers from a medical condition such as asthma , and is also a feline-lover, he would be searching the electronic media (including radio, TV and the internet) of ways in which he could fulfill his desires. Hence, it important to the organization to identify the exact media that potential customers would be looking in so as to obtain the cats. Any ads placed by the company would be effective only if they reach the customers and match their interests.The company should also be aware that for any advertisement it would be placing in the media, a greater percentage of people would be noticing the ad but not responding to it. Hence, it is very important to have an ad which would catch the attention of the potential customers, who would also be ready to bear the costs of buying the product. One method of doing this would be to have repeated advertisements on the internet, in order to create awareness amongst the audience. Besides, the company should also focus on educating the customer.Such customers would potentially get motivated at purchasing the product (Search Engine Optimization and Beyond, 2008). One important point to not of the internet is that it is a very large means of communication and any advertisement that would be inserted would reach each and every corner of the globe. This does not make life any easier for the manufacturer as he has to search the global market for potential customers. Online survey sites are not able to provide details of the demographics and the type of customers that would be available at specific positions on the internet.Many companies are trying to map their customers on the internet, more often without much success. This is because many people who use the internet consider it to be a very unsafe place, prone for abuse and misuse, and hence may not be willing to give out their personal details. One way of reaching potential customers would be to have advertisements on websites that the target audience is identified. Newsletters that serve to help people needing appropriate products could also be utilized as a source of advertisements and educating the potential customers.Many of the online newsletters seem to have a good customer base, and involving the company producing these newsletters would be very effective in marketing the product over the internet. The company could also help the customers further by asking them their email addresses. Online forms placed at relevant websites could also be utilized by the company and would seem a more genuine and effective approach by the customers. Once the customer gets in touch with the company, a greater amount of interaction, clearing doubts, etc, is required.Online tracking services also seem to be a good approach by the company. If a visitor to the company’s website is having a doubt, then an online chat tool with the company executive could help to clear further doubts. This process is known as ‘web casting’. Besides this, forums, online communities, bulletin boards, etc, help the pe ople in search of getting a particular product or service from the right manufacturers (Search Engine Optimization and Beyond, 2008). Allerca would be having several objectives when it comes to marketing their product. These include:- †¢ Brand-building campaign†¢ Creating interest amongst the general public and the target market †¢ Providing information – in the form of education and awareness campaigns †¢ Creating demand for their product †¢ Reinforcing their brand (Know This, 2008). Some of the information that should be present in the advertisement include:- †¢ Information of the product †¢ Information of the price †¢ Information about other promotions †¢ Information about distribution of the product (Know This, 2008). Allerca could consider using e-mail marketing for their product. This is a very cost-effective form of marketing their products.However, studies have shown that more than 40 % of the people who utilize the interne t would ignore an advertisement sent to their email. Consumers need to know that the email being sent to them is safe and is from a genuine organization. Physical email could also be considered by Allerca but this may be costly and a difficult affair as the address of thousands of potential customers need be obtained from the right database. Studies in certain parts of the world suggest that newspaper and magazine advertisements would be one of the right ways of supplementing online advertisements.More than 34 % of the people in a survey felt that direct email was a mean of communication in which a relationship could be maintained, whereas 30 % felt that newspaper advertisements could help bring about a relationship (Tedeschi, 2001). Some of the PR tools that Allerca could consider utilizing include community relations activities, social marketing, event sponsorships and awareness campaigns. Event sponsorship seems to be an effective PR tool in this case. During the conductance of a relevant event, Allerca Company could create some awareness in the target audience though sponsorships and awareness campaigns.The target audience would be brought face to face with the manufacturer during this program. The company executives could realize the expectations of the company. Accordingly they could enter into contract with the consumer or consumer groups. The company would also get an idea of the competitors that may be present. The company can now begin to develop a strategy of competing with other companies. The company could hand out pamphlets, booklets and other material to the audience to ensure that they are educated about the product.It is also important for the company to follow-up with the potential customer after the event (Full Circle Associates, 1999). References: Full Circle Associates (1999). PR Tools and Techniques, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Full Circle Associates Web site: http://www. fullcirc. com/rlc/commrelationstips. htm Know This (2008). Prin ciples of Marketing – Setting the Advertising Objective, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Know This Web site: http://www. knowthis. com/tutorials/principles-of-marketing/managing-the-advertising-campaign/1. htm Search Engine Optimization and Beyond (2008).Identifying And Reaching Your Target Market, Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from Search Engine Optimization and Beyond Web site: http://search-engine-optimization-and-beyond. com/Customer-Centric-Website-Developement/Identifying-And-Reaching-Your-Target-Market. htm Tedeschi, B. (August 6, 2001). E-Commerce Report; online businesses are supplementing their fleet e-mailings with an old warhorse: direct mailings. Retrieved on June 7, 2008, from The NY Times Web site: http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9501E5DF113CF935A3575BC0A9679C8B63

Public education reform: Community or national funding of education Essay

Soares presents an article that draws on a political economy model of public funding as a tool to assess the education implications of moving from a community-to nation-wide funding policy. His intention is to widen the source for the finance of education that will redistribute funds both at the intra-generational and inter-generational levels. Previous literature has focused on the intra-generational redistribution effects of going from a local to state funded approach. Instead, Soares suggests a model of education reform that would see funding include the social security system and would allow factor prices to vary. Such flexibility would benefit welfare effects to students by enlarging the funding net in the form of a nation-wide system. Significant welfare gains that would occur with a nation-wide system are supported by other research (Soares, 2006; Wasser & Picken, 1996). Soares also reflects on his previous writings on the important roles of altruism and self-interest in influencing the political decisions of public education policy. He points to the inter-relationship of three main factors in determining how policy will be formed; altruism; the impact of public funding of education of the social security system; and the impact of these factors on factor prices. In conclusion, Soares article depicts a critical issue in education reform that has been ongoing for many years: How to source optimal continual funding for education that does not detract from the welfare of the wider population? He provides a viable alternative to funding. At present most States provide fewer dollars to minority and low-income students. A nation-wide funding policy would ensure that the funding gaps which exist across schools in the USA would be narrowed, providing equality of access to learning opportunities and resources. This would align with the recent No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.

Sexuality Demonstrate

Demonstrate an understanding of selected theories and models in relation to social work fields of practice. Task: * A group presentation by a group of up to 5 sstudents on one model or perspective, that demonstrates knowledge of its major assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. Each group is to demonstrate how they would apply this understanding in a specific field of practice. * The perspective or model will be assigned to the groups on the first day of the class. Guidelines: * You are to work in groups of up to 5 on the perspective or model given to you on the first day of class. You are to describe the major features of the perspective or model with its major assumptions, strengths and weaknesses. You are to show how this perspective or model can be used within a social work field of practice.The group should be able to demonstrate why this perspective or model is appropriate for the selected field of practice. * Your findings are to be reported back to the class in a 30 minute gr oup presentation. Your will be required to hand to the tutor after the presentation all supporting details. This will include relevant PowerPoint, OHP, handouts and a list of references/ bibliography. * You are expected to use a vvariety of adult learning methods in your presentation. The methods can include role-play, use of transparencies or PowerPoint, board, flip charts etc.Participants:| 1| Due Date:| 19th November 2013| Time Limit:| 2 hours| Nga huanga / Learning Outcome: * Explain the processes and methods of working with individuals, families, whanau, groups, and communities underpinned by a range of theories/models. Task: * A closed book in-class test based on lecture material, class discussions and readings. Guidelines: * The test will be conducted under normal test conditions. * The test will be a closed book test. * There will be 10 minutes reading time. * The test will be up to two hours long. * The questions may include multi-choice or essay type questions or a combina tion of these.

Female and Gender Leadership Essay

1. Abstract The theme/topic of thesis is: Female and Gender Leadership. The main issue or mater of thesis work is to make research of male and female leadership and management style. Investigate in order to be clear about male and female leadership starting from definition of it, and continue with data collection in order to prove it. It is obvious that leadership is a male dominated one, and female have some advantages and disadvantages, also prejudice and differ style of leadership. It is very interesting to know and analyze leadership and management, which can bring some ideas and data transformation of some information to the thesis. One of the major things is to collect, analyze answers and identify leadership of male and female. Mostly, I am taking into account leadership style and management of both genders. Therefore, female and male in leadership is one of the actual and continues study, which take interest of many people. To make research about men and women in leadership, how they use styles of leaders, what they do in order to be effective and how they work with their followers of different gender. What the main features of leaders they hold, how they make improvements and what they do for professional increase. Today, both women and men are trying to be equivalent in many ways of daily life; however, in work they are keeping style of leadership according to the job occupation. Anyway, what the main distinguishes between female and male, what kind of attempt they are making? How they cope with different tasks in various spheres, remaining to the own basic of behavior, skills and attitude. 3 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 2. Introduction My master thesis Female and Gender Leadership I am starting from introduction to the writing work, than writing about theoretical framework and research methodology, after that continue with research and investigation, which includes research question and answers on it through theory about leaders, leadership and management, leadership style of male and female, than about research study and finding. It is the main of research writing in the thesis. Who are leaders, what it is leadership and management, and style of female and male in leadership. It is known that females want to reach top management and have some barriers and traits toward it. At the same time, there is common knowledge that men have leaders’ positions in politics and education sphere. However, my research is mostly about what the main differences in a leadership and management of female and male. Though, as female one, it is very interesting for me to make research about gender leadership, it means about men and women, what the differences or  similarities, how they as leaders deal with leadership, how they develop themselves in order to have followers whom lead willingly. How men and women are getting characteristics to be competent, progressive, well-informed, purposeful and professional in a dynamic environment or simply saying in a daily changed world. What male and female do and what kind of features they are obtaining being qualified as leaders. 4 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 3. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory. Theoretical framework guides research, determining what things will be measured and statistical relationships of it. Theoretical frameworks are obviously critical, theory-testing sorts of studies. In those kinds of studies, the theoretical framework must be very specific and well-thought out. Theoretical frameworks are also important in research studies, where I as researcher really don’t know much about what is going on, and trying to learn more. There are some reasons why theoretical frameworks are important. First of all, no matter how little person think what she/he know about topic, and how she/he neutral or independent in the way of thinking, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions. For example, some people fundamentally believe that people are basically untrustworthy, and you have keep your wits about you to avoid being conned. These fundamental beliefs about human nature affect how person on things when doing personal research. In this sense, researcher is always being guided by a theoretical framework, but she/he don not know it. The framework tends to guide what investigator notice in research, and what she/he don not mention. Therefore, saying by other words, you don’t even notice things that don’t  fit your framework. We can never completely get around this matter, but we can reduce this issue considerably by simply making our implicit framework explicit. Once it is explicit, we can deliberately consider other frameworks, and try to see the research question, answers, findings, situation through different lenses. In my thesis I am using theory about leaders, management, leadership styles of males and females. 5 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 4. Methods for data collection 4.1. Research methodology and methods The process of collecting data that can present relevant aspects of methods, which is used in this thesis is articles, journals, books, and internet. During reading and analyzing some information from above mentioned sources the related data can be picked up and gathered in order to show the appropriate research data. Methodology is a very important while conducting any type of research; it helps to follow how the study/investigation can be accomplished. Qualitative method is one of the best approaches to use for study and research question. This type of research helps me as investigator to understand and explain the meaning of leadership for men and women. The qualitative research has the possibility to form a whole from different parts. I am using qualitative method in order to make research by choosing, gathering relevant information, using an articles/journals, books, and information from web.sites. Qualitative method is appropriate to make analyzes of research data, give answers on research question and will bring out to the openings or findings. To open something new is equal to make findings and understand the meaning of research. Taking into consideration this, I would state that research is significant because of real and actual importance of leadership. The theme of female and gender leadership is continues. Many interesting things and findings could be done since men and  women interested in developing leaders and followers of both gender. 6 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5. Research question and Investigation As for research question of my thesis, it is the following: What are the differences of male and female leadership and management style? It is generally known that leadership is a male dominated one, however women are trying to enter leadership places and adopting men’s style. Both, male and female are having different style of leadership. Therefore, what are the main reasons that male are holding leader positions and female are having some barriers to the leadership and management positions. Though, my research is based on theory about leaders, leadership and management, male and female leadership style. That’s why I am using qualitative method in my research, and I am making investigation of research issue by using relevant information from articles, journals, books, and information from internet, web sites. To analyze a research data, found out answers and open new findings for my self as researcher is the core of the thesis. It is common knowledge, that female want to reach top management and they have some barriers and traits toward high positions and promotions to the top. Also, it is obvious that men have leaders’ positions in many spheres. However, my research is mostly about differences in a leadership and management of females and males. 7 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.1. Natural born leaders ‘If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader’. John Quincy Adams, http://www. wisdomquotes.com/cat_ leadership.html In my thesis I am wiring about leaders, about leadership and management, how I understand it and I continue by male’s and female’s leadership and management style, than mostly focusing on differences between male and female in leadership. I found out that book of Blank Warren about leadership and natural born leaders approach is very interesting and actual. It opens point of view that people not only born as leaders, but also can obtain tools and to be skillful leaders. Therefore, people with gained skills of leaders are needy and this necessity is important always. That continual, progressive and sudden change in today’s competitive environment requires better leadership. Author, Blank Warren, (2001) gives the next definition of natural born leaders: ‘The dictionary defines the word natural as found in nature; without man-made changes; real, not artificial or manufactured; innate, not acquired.’ I agree with this definition and point of view, that people are natural born leaders. It means that leaders may get leadership skills and knowledge during their study in school, college, university, trainings, work, seminars, and so forth. Though, society grew up leaders by influencing via education, view of world, various trainings and workshops, seminars. In addition, author stated that people not naturally born to lead. It proves his statement that people are natural born leaders, but they are getting skills and knowledge about leadership. With time people obtain skills to lead others. Therefore, leader is a person who gains followers at will. Leader provides followers by direction and support, also influencing them by using own skills. Because of that, author proposes that some people are natural born leaders, they demonstrate 8 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova specific skills in spontaneous, consistent manner and others follow willingly. Leading is a process of interaction between the leader and follower. If no followers and no one follow, there is no a leader and leadership. The right definition, which Blank Warren, (2001) conclude, is that ‘The natural born leader label is an attribution made to those who master the skill set related to gaining willing followers. No one is born with these skills.’ So, it means that leaders master their skills and only exceptional one can be described as natural born leader. Indisputably, some people are born with features of leaders, which help them to master skills of leadership more effectively. Such people have an inherent ability and perform and express themselves naturally in their area or sphere. However, that kind of individuals needs to have opportunity, support, encouragement, and training from people surrounded them. Therefore, everyone has a natural born capabilities and talents to lead, because it is normal for people to respond to nurture. It means that people have innate ability to learn and grow. It proves that all people can improve their native, creative, intellectual capability by learning and excising the skills of best leaders. The leader skill level grows, develops, prospers, and they can gain more followers in spontaneous, effortless, consistent, and frequent way. This style and way of natural born leaders attract more and more people as followers. If person can understand own capabilities and shape abilities by excising skills of learning, practice and feedback. In order to be effective leader, individual can improve himself and work with native and acquired skills. In this book, Blank Warren proposed one hundred and eight skills which portrait a natural born leader. The main of them are self-awareness, a capacity to build rapport, and an ability to clarify expectations. Individual as a leader provide direction to people who do not know what to do. ‘People need 9 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction when the organizational structure can not or does not provide it. No organization can create a perfect bureaucracy. Established organizational systems may not offer useful guidance in the face of dramatic change,’ Blank Warren, (2001). When a leader masters his/her skills and become an expert leader, so he/she can direct and lead willingly not only other person, but also large groups. Leaders who have a broad and global view can bring others out as leaders. Leaders have to maintain their obtained skills and improve new in order to be active during the difficult times. The following characteristics of person as apathy, arrogance, and self-deception destroy leadership potential. It was pointed out that more and better leaders are needed in organizations at all level. According to the self-awareness the leader have to use this skill that helps to be clear and manage his time, attention and actions. The fundamental of leadership growth is self-awareness that is internal one and each person can know and understand it fully by analyzing inner world. Leaders with self-awareness may listen and learn and to try new things. So, self-awareness is an important characteristic which give to leader possibility for proper use of time, focus of attention and performance of action. Self-awareness plays a big role for leaders and helps for continues process of getting skills and work under self-perfection. The leaders’ quality characterize by self-reliant, principled, genuine, courageous, resolute, moral, stable, and trustworthy features. In addition, passion is one of the main characteristic which motivates leaders to lead. These qualities put together the image of leaders. Leaders work under self-development, get feedback and connect up their left-brain dominance (logical, rational) and right-brain dominance (intuitive, creative). Master leaders maximize their brainpower with whole brain thinking. A capacity to build rapport’ is one of a big reason that some people gain as attribution of natural born leader, Blank 10 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Warren, (2001). Respect creates the interpersonal bond and sense of unity that is basic in a leader wants to gain willing followers. The best leaders build respect to reacquire the allegiance necessary for success, to create customer connections and partnership, and to fulfill the needs of the relation sphere. To get know people, display good manners, and to be pleasant are technical and emotional skills of rapport. Another one is an ability to clarify expectations, which is important thing for leaders. I would say that all people born as natural leaders; however they can show, apply and use their skills, attitude in accordance with activities, situation, and work. They improve skills and work under leader’s features. As for leaders as natural born, they could be male or female since leadership doesn’t have gender. Men and women also could obtain skills of leaders during their childhood, study in school and university, by getting experience and influencing by environment. The following factors influence on leadership skills such as characterization or behavior of men or women, education (school, university), job experience (work place or job occupation). Therefore, men and women can obtain leadership skills and use them according to the situation, environment and work place. However, men dominate in politics, education sphere. As for women, they remain to fill their niche as teachers, salespeople, managers, etc. If we consider leaders and managers, it is obvious that most of men are taking leaders role and position, and women are managers. ‘The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision’. Theodore Hesburgh, http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html Let’s look what is categories and types of leadership? What are the differences of men’s and women’s leadership style and management? Leadership is a skill that an individual may keep and 11 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova posses. One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential: Actual – giving guidance or direction, for instance: a teacher being a leader to a student. Potential – the capacity or ability to lead; as in the concept born to lead, it means that leader have potential to lead. Though, leadership can have a formal aspect, for instance as in most political or business leadership and an informal one as in most friendships. Speaking of leadership – it is the abstract term, rather than of leading – it is the action, usually implies that the entities doing the leading have some leadership skills. So, we know basic category of leadership is actual/potential; than formal/informal; and another categorization is that there are 3 types of leadership: 1) Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic style), which provides clear expectations for what needs to be done; 2) Participative Leadership (Democratic style) – this style is generally the most effective. Democratic leaders offer guidance to the group, but also participative in the group and allow input from other members. 3) Delegative (Laissez-Fair style) – this type of leadership consider to be less productive among above mentioned. Most of men are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. As for women, some of them are combining autocratic and democratic style, some are keeping democratic one. The relation of leadership and management is continuous process. I would say that when people are mentioning leadership they still note management. It is connected to the psychology of leadership: one of the differentiating factors between management and leadership is the ability or even necessity to inspire and inspiration. A leader may be deifined as one who can hold direction to an individual or group of individuals and will be using skills of psychology to  affect that group either consciously or subconsciously. 12 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Those who seem to be natural leaders and effectively inspire groups without consciously acknowledging the strategies or tactics used are considered charismatic leaders. On the other hand, the conscious leader applies a variety of psychological tactics that affect the reactions of a group to the environment they exist in. According to the organizational psychology disciplines, leadership is a product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the individual, as well as the individual on the group. A leader’s successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific consistent behaviors towards the group may raise changes in the organizational culture. The level of passion and efficiency that is developed in the culture will be defined by the emotional drive fulfilled by a directive leader’s ability to create a greater purpose with the group. What makes effective leadership? Leadership keeps up its effectiveness by natural sequence according to established rules. The simplest way to measure the effectiveness of leadership to involve evaluating process, later he/she can as leader master it. However, this approach may measure power rather than leadership. To measure leadership more specifically, one may assess the extent of influence on the followers, that is, the amount of leading. Effective leaders generate higher productivity and opportunities. Leaders create results, reach goals, and realize vision and objectives quickly and with high level of quality. The functional leadership model conceives leadership as a set of behaviors that helps a group perform a task, reach their goal, or perform their function. In this model, effective leaders encourage functional behaviors and discourage dysfunctional ones. Leader has the function of clearing the path toward the goals of the group, by meeting the needs of subordinates. The quality of the leadership process: An effective leader has to get a group of potentially diverse and talented  people, many of whom have strong personalities to work together toward a common output. 13 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova The following suggested qualities of leadership: technical and specific skills, charismatic inspiration it is attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this regard to motivate others, clear sense of purpose, mission, clear goals, focus, commitment, results-orientation it is directing every action towards a mission via priority of activities to spend time where results most arise, cooperation, optimism. Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them – delegate in such a way as people will grow, role models, self-knowledge, self-awareness an ability to lead. Leaders have to understand the environment, how they lead and how they affect and are affected by it. The leadership characteristics as innate labels some people as born leaders. Leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders, then training those with potential. Leadership skills mostly are a pattern of motives. The successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation. Leadership behavior becomes a function not only of the characteristics of the leader, but of the characteristics of followers as well. These following determinants include: the nature of the task; organizational policies, climate, and culture; the preferences of the leader’s superiors; the expectations of peers; the reciprocal responses of followers. The nature of the problem, the requirements for accuracy, the acceptance of an initiative, time-constraints, cost constraints. The following cover leadership styles: articulate vision to followers, leaders display a passion, they engage in outstanding/extraordinary behavior, leaders show a high degree of faith, confidence, and persistence in them selves. Leaders need to have a very high degree of self-confidence and moral conviction. They see their followers as competent, credible, and trustworthy. Leaders communicate expectations of  high performance from their followers and strong confidence in their followers’ ability to meet such expectations and confidence in followers. Leaders motivate followers, leaders see as of special relevance to 14 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the successful accomplishment of the vision and mission. To persuade followers to accept and implement change, outstanding leaders engage in frame alignment. This refers to the linkage of individual and leader interpretive orientations such that some set of followers’ interests, values, and beliefs, as well as the leader’s activities, goals, and ideology, becomes congruent and complementary. Leaders often, but not always, communicate their message in an inspirational manner using stories, slogans, and symbols. Even though these ten leadership behaviors and approaches do not really equate to specific styles, evidence has started to accumulate that a leader’s style can make a difference. Style becomes the key to the formulation and implementation of strategy and plays an important role in work-group members’ activity and in team citizenship. Little doubt exists that the way or style in which leaders influence work-group members can make a difference in their own and their people’s performance. For instance, how leaders and managers are differentiating? Leaders innovate, ask what and why, focus on people, do the right things, develop, inspire trust, have a longer-term perspective, have an eye on the horizon, originate, and show originality. As for managers, they administer, ask how and when question, focus on systems, do things right, maintain, rely on control. As for management styles, if we look to various styles of management, it depend on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the work force and the personality and skills of the leaders too. The style of leadership is dependent upon the prevailing circumstances, therefore leaders should exercise a range of leadership  styles and should deploy them as appropriate. For example, an autocratic manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among management personnel. The objectives and tasks are set and the workforce is expected to do exactly as required. The communication involved with this method is mainly downward, from the leader to the subordinate. The main advantage of this style is that the 15 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction of the business will remain constant, and the decisions will all be similar, this in turn can project an image of a confident, well managed business. On the other hand, subordinates may become highly dependent upon the leaders and supervision may be needed. Another form is also essentially dictatorial. However the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. This can help balance out the lack of worker motivation caused by an autocratic management style. This style can be highly advantageous, and can engender loyalty from the employees, leading to a lower labour turnover, thanks to the emphasis on social needs. It shares similar disadvantages to an authoritarian style; employees becoming highly dependent on the leader, and if the wrong decisions are made, then employees may become discontent with the leader. In a Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions from subordinates to leaders and from leaders to subordinates. This style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills. From the overall business’s point of view, job satisfaction and quality of  work will improve. However, the decision-making process is severely slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the best decision for the business. It can go against a better choice of action. In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leader’s role is peripheral and staff-manage their own areas of the business. Therefore, leader avoid uncoordinated delegation occurs. The communication in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative 16 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova groups of employees, however in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a poor company image. The word leadership can refer to ability to get people to follow by their will. 5.2. Leadership and management. ‘True leaders have an uncanny way of enrolling people in their vision through their optimism – sometimes unwarranted optimism’, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., 2004. To continue my thesis I am writing about leadership and management. In the book of Bennis, W., and Nanus, B. about the leadership and management I found out an interesting the author’s attempt which distinguish the leadership from management. This book described men’s leadership and management, also strategies of leadership. The main description here is that men use their power, status in leadership; also they are result-oriented and communicative. Authors stated that leadership skills were once thought a matter of birth. Leaders were born, not made summoned to their calling through some unfathomable process. This might be called the ‘Great Man’ theory of leadership. Here authors pointed out, that leaders are natural born and that environment, time, and situation dictate the style of  leadership. Here we can see that leaders mostly are male-politicians, they reviewed through leadership style and strategies of leadership. This research is based in interviews of leaders, gives a clarification to see what the difference between the leadership and management. The leadership and management are different because of the characteristics of leaders, also how leaders work and what are their attitudes to their followers, and how they achieve their goals. According to the authors’ opinion, leader should not only direct and exercise power, but also facilitate for teamwork. In order to identify the distinction between the leaders and managers, the book investigated the characteristics of 17 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova leadership, the role of social architecture, the significance of the visions of leaders, importance of optimism and trusteeship of leaders. According to this research, there is a big difference between management and leadership and both are important without doubt. As we know one of the prevalent expression is that managers are people who do things right and leaders is people who do the right thing. In other words, to manage – is to accomplish something, to have charge of/or responsibility to conduct. The definition of management – is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management includes planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing contains the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management. As for leading, is to influence, guide in direction, course, action, opinion. The leadership – is the process of influencing people while operating to meet organizational requirements and improving the organization through change. Leadership – as change agents who guide their followers onto new heights, while along the way, they develop and grow their followers. Leaders two driving goals should be make the organization a success. Anyone can become a leader that has the willingness and drive to achieve that goal. Traits can be changed or reduced by focusing upon the more desirable traits. But the better leaders concentrate on and grow their desirable traits so that they over-power their weaker traits. 18 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Furthermore, a very important that there are four strategies of leadership: first of all, attention through vision, meaning through communication, trust through positioning and the deployment of self through positive self regard. These four strategies makes clear how the leaders become leaders, what kind of tools and mechanisms are used in order to achieve success. Regarding the first strategy, authors argue about the unity between the leaders and followers. By their opinion attention of leaders to followers is considered as one of the major strategies. In addition, in this part of strategy authors mention about the vision and organization. According to their research, the organization has a clear sense of its purpose, direction, and desired future state and when this image is widely shared, individuals are able to find their own roles in the organization. In other words, for the success of their organization leaders should deliver their vision for their followers. In the first strategy, research also took into account the importance of past, present and future. For the successful leadership the leader should analyze the whole nature of organization, including its past business, present situation and future vision. The second  strategy, so called meaning through communication also develops the importance of unity between leaders and followers. According to this research work, communication creates meaning for people. The only way any group, small or large, can become aligned behind the overarching goals of organization. In many big companies, leaders are just busy with their business meetings and because of their busy schedule they sometimes even don’t see often their workers. However, as it is argued, communication and interaction between the leaders and followers is very important. Regarding the second strategy it was also mentioned about the social architecture. By the author’s opinion social architecture is very important for leaders. They believe that social architecture presents a shared interpretation of organizational events, so that members know how they are 19 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova expected to behave. Organization’s social architecture serves as a control mechanism, proscribing particular kind of behavior. Social architecture is very important for leaders. It is argued that when organizations develop they might need to change or shape their market performance depending on the necessity. In this case it is very significant to take into consideration the social architecture as well. In general, the social architecture is a very important part in the company’s development, because it is built for many years. In some companies employees are used to work with the same structure and methods for a long period of time. Therefore, it is obvious when company wants to change its market performance it will meet difficulties. In the case of product changes and transformation, companies need at first to make a relevant approach to their followers. As for the third strategy, it is also considered as one of the most important ingredients of all organizations. According to authors view, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., (2004) they maintain that, ‘trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. It cannot be mandated or purchased, it must be earned. How the trust can be earned? and how long it will take to earn it? In order to earn the trust in the organization there should be teamwork policy. Organization should work as one team, and it can strengthen unity.’ Regarding the trust authors also argue that in order to earn trust there should be a clear interpretation of leader’s position and their vision of work for their followers. Like in the first and second strategies, the main point is that followers should have clear idea, what is the position and what are the main objectives of the organization. In addition, authors gave information about the concept of organizational positioning. In order to make it clear, their research makes a distinction between the human organizations and other organisms. In addition, according to their analysis, there are four main strategies that leaders choose in order to position their organization: reactive, change the internal environment, change 20 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the external environment, and establish a new linkage between the external and internal environments. All of these strategies are purposed for leaders to earn trust, because all of the strategies are aimed to make a clear vision of the leader’s position to their followers. The last strategy is also very interesting, which is called deployment of self. This means that leaders are perpetual learners, some of the leaders learn from reading books while most of the leaders learn from other people. The research talks not only about how leaders learn, but also it makes a reference to organizational context. For example, it is stated that, organizational learning is the process by which an organization obtains and uses new knowledge, tools, behaviors, and values. It happens at all levels in the organization – among individuals and groups as well as system wide. The way that authors made clarification of differences between leadership and management is useful and interesting. I completely agree with them that in the current world it is very important for organizations to predict and oversee the future perspectives. Because, the success of the organization  and leadership depends not only past and current situation analysis, but also it highly depends upon the future vision of the leaders. Within this connection, this book very informative in terms of leadership perspectives since authors made accent on men style, strategies which can be used by leaders for their followers. My understanding of this definition and description is that men as leaders have to improve their skills and take into consideration that: ‘People don’t want to be managed. They want to be led.’ The whole book is dedicated to men as leaders, and authors gave examples of politicians, it proves that most of leaders are men. The same can be adapted to organization’s leadership. However, my writing is about men and women leadership and management differences. That’s why I will continue saying about female leadership and what the main differences from male one. 21 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.3. Male’s and female’s style in leadership. ‘Finding roles for women isn’t the problem. Finding one for men is.’ Margaret Mead, http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm As we know, women enter leadership sphere, which mainly occupied by men. The leadership styles of women and men are differs. What are the differences or similarities, what women and men do and how they deal with this? Mostly there is basic information about leadership styles of women and men on the example of autocratic and democratic styles of both men and women. The behavior of women and men in leadership style related to leadership roles. It is different for men and women and the fact that women face more barriers to become leaders, especially for leader roles that are male-dominated. This issue is usually discussed in terms of leadership styles, than behavior. Distinctions in styles can be important because they are one factor that may affect people’s views about whether women should become leaders. It is not surprising that women are the usual focus of discussions of the impact of  gender on leadership. From one side, the differences in leadership style can provide a rationale for excluding women from opportunities and especially from maledominated leadership roles. From another side, the perception of sameness would fail to acknowledge the relational qualities which are traditional source of female pride and that may contribute to superior performance by women leaders. But differences and similarity is not the main point. Therefore, leadership styles of women and men are different, probably because women more cooperative and collaborative, but less hierarchical, than men. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. The main differences of 22 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova men from women, that male are assertive, controlling, and confident tendency, for example: they characterized as ‘aggressive, ambitions, dominant, independent, self-confident and competitive’. On the contrary, women are ‘affectionate, kind, helpful, sympathetic, nurturant, interpersonally sensitive and gentle’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Having different characteristics male and female try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent in leader roles. Another point of view, that leadership doesn’t know the gender. The definition of leader is a person named by the group as the leader, person who group members perceive to be the leader, person who has the greatest influence on the groups’ decision and who actually performs leadership behaviors. According to the task behavior women emphasize production. They will continue their strong contributions to the task at hand when the group is doing well, where as men will reduce their contributions as the group does better. It was found out that female leaders spend more time  communicating about the task on hand than men, as they make more off-task comments. There are suggestions to strengthen females and their work in group. They generate twice as many procedural suggestions in resolving conflicts as men do. It is usually because females worked substantially harder than any other member in the group. When we look to the social-emotional behaviors, we can tell that women are more likely to meet the social-emotional needs of the group slightly more than men do. Women are rated as being more interpersonally warm during the first interactions then male leaders. Females using an authoritarian style of leadership were perceived less favorably than males using the same style. In decision making, women use a democratic or participative style than men. Men who worked 23 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova under women supervision were more opened for the leadership of a woman. Women value listening as a skill that makes others feels both comfortable and important. How women interact and what kind of way they are using: First of all, women have an equalitarian (a person who believes in the equality of all people) view among themselves. Secondly, women are described to be more cooperative and supportive, while their male counterparts tend to be more self-assertive and competitive. Thirdly, women desire leaders who are cooperative, empathetic, supportive, democratic, and calm. Fourthly, most women perceive leadership more as a facilitation and organization rather then power and dominance. If we summarize above written, females and males are equally effective leaders. In addition, female and male leaders are equally effective in conflict management styles. The only difference in female and male conflict management styles include age, education, and managerial  experience the leaders must share similarities to one another. Both, ‘men and women who have female bosses are more collaborative, and less aggressive than men’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). They seek consensus, emphasize team building, are more nurturing and empathetic, and are more approachable. However, males are still frequently rated more positively than females for the same behaviors. Men show more leadership, have higher-quality contributions, being more desirable for hiring, meriting a higher salary, and more responsible job. For the same behaviors females were rated as more emotional, less warm, less sensitive, and less attractive than males. Women have begun to increase their individual power, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness. Male dominance is effectively reduced when people are reminded of their equalitarian attitudes. 24 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Leaders are expected to create conditions under which collective learning and continuous improvement can occur. Achieving these knowledge-based outcomes depends on emotional or relational intelligence. It includes the next skills: self-awareness, listening, empathy, also learn from others and empower others. So, leadership based on individual achievement, focused on collective learning and mutual influence, also noted by egalitarian relational skills and emotional intelligence. Male and female can display individualism, assertiveness and dominance are socially attributed to men and generally understood as masculine. The interpretation of this event is to predict that the shift to new leadership practices will create a female advantage. But this process toward new models of leadership is more complex, because the shift is related to a gendered power dynamic, not just to gender. It is more interesting because it is about genderlinked shift in the very understanding of how to achieve business success. To investigate these involvements we need to understand the association of certain characteristics with masculinity and feminity and what has to do with the rules for business success. The main reason for that the way to view the social world divided into two spheres of activity: the public sphere, for instance work. And the private sphere – family and community. This way of seeing the world is so natural. For instance, labor in the work sphere is assumed to be skilled, dependent on training and labor in the domestic sphere. This gender separation of two spheres of life is significant in leadership. The ‘label feminine and masculine is attributed as certain characteristics’ and how to do good work in each sphere, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Women are active participants in the domestic area – family and men are active in the work area. These images of gender linked attributes are idealized, but have a powerful effect expected to act in each on how men and women act. Also how they are expected to act in each sphere and what 25 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova types of behavior are considered appropriate and inappropriate. The view of separate spheres helps us see that new models of leadership break some basic principles and beliefs about gender, power, individual achievement, also work and family. 5.5. Research study and finding ‘You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you cannot do’. Eleanor Roosevelt, This citation from web site: http://www.nwlink. com. I found out during my research study that there is a really nice concept about natural born leaders, it means born to lead. This finding opens view that both, female and male are natural born leaders and can lead followers willingly. This approach is a theory of male’s and  female’s leadership. That means leaders are people who can act according to the situations, be flexible, adaptive to the environment, and in compliance with the style of leadership. During research it is important to characterize who are leaders, what are gender differences, and leadership styles. As for leaders’ definition, they are people with concept of natural born leaders – born to lead. Leaders, both male and female, believe in their own actions and inspire followers for reaching goals. There is gender, which is a social construct, and there is what is referred to as a masculine or feminine leadership style. These leadership styles are based on how female and male are usually socialized, but a man or woman might use a masculine or feminine style. That’s why good leaders of both genders are able to use these styles according to the current or particular situation. All leaders have some preferred styles which their can use to approach things. Female and male leaders learn the skills by themselves and develop people around them with these strengths. The research study about females’ and males’ leadership shows that women, gender, and leadership mean very different things to different people. Therefore, some women still perceive 26 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova many barriers and challenges. Females usually have to work harder and perform better, but they are perceived as having more opportunities. Women in management are desirable because females bring a different style of leadership. For example, female bring a less aggressive and more intuitive style, also they tend to keep the authoritarian masculine style. These softer skills are more in demand today rather than the aggressive, dominating style of men. At the same time females need to be more motivated and encouraged by them and family because they fight for promotion. Since  women combine job with family, so they pursue their selfish ambition to place their careers ahead of family responsibilities. What the ways of leading and how female lead? Women managers are succeeding in leadership by drawing on what is unique to their experience as women. According to practice, men and women in similar managerial jobs make the same amount of money and experience. But in leadership styles there are differences: Male are much more likely than women to view leadership as a series of transactions with subordinates, and to use their position and control of resources to motivate their followers. Female, on the other hand, are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. Women are using personal traits like charisma, work record, and interpersonal skills to motivate others. Women leaders develop and practice interaction or interactive leadership. They are trying to make every interaction with coworkers, it is positive for all involved in participation, also they encourage, share power and information, make people feel important, and energizing them. In general, women have been expected to be supportive and cooperative. This is one of explanation why women leaders today tend to be more interactive than men. But interactive leadership should not be linked directly to being female, since some men use that style and some women prefer the democratic style. That is why female and male in 27 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova this are having similar features of leadership because organizations that are open to leadership styles with individuals’ strengths will increase their opportunities in a fast-changing environment. However, for women in leadership, it is very important to develop and keep interpersonal skills and professional competence, since it plays a big role in achieving results. There are some good suggestions how to make good and  quick decisions for women in business insight. The principle consists of skill’s set where men are consistently rated by bosses as outperforming women. Figure out how to increase profitable growth, customer retention and customer acquisition. Communicate effectively to people at all levels in organization, including a boss, colleagues, and subordinates. It is better to state the goals or successes in terms of how what people are doing helps the organization reach their key goal. If women get to the point, try do not lose control, state things in absolutes and not questions, so they are training their skills and as female-leaders learning how to overcome successfully. In addition, there are many females who learn and improve their business skills by networking. There are many attainments that women gain, practice skills which are needy for success in the business world. That’s why women are coordinating their calendars and setting a schedule to network. The information gained by networking can keep women informed of the latest trends. Women have unique ideas and their implement them during discussions with colleagues. The business experience that women have is tools for success in the business world. Some women network with their suppliers and distributors to find out what their thoughts are on getting a product to market. Women serve an active role at home and in the office, they are having skills to deal with conflicts that can occur. Women learn to balance job in business with a family life, 28 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova that’s why get out of obstacles and come up with a manageable solution. They learned these skills by networking with professionals. Therefore a growth of women in business increased. One of the reasons is that this rate of growth might be because the women set goals that they wanted to  reach. And, these women have taken an intensive and assertive step for taking positions of leadership. That’s why many women have remarkable rate of success in business. One of the positive reasons is that their goals included training that would prepare them to operate a business successfully. Women are applying for business at the same rate as male leaders. Women learn to guide the growth of their companies by using various resources at their disposal. Equity from a business perspective is considered as a measurement for the success and growth of a company. Women are successful in business because they are open to learn and get new skills. Women grow businesses better because developed patience in dealing with problems, also they learn to negotiate a successful outcome to any problems. The growth of women in business is increasing; some of them learned to manage money, budgets and operate with finance. Women are growing strong in the business world because they have a different management style, it is named as finance. The growing rate of successful women in business is due to their skills people that they do business with. They have confidence when work in the team and built a trust in everyone in the company. From the people that manage their finance to the people that deliver their goods, women know that their businesses will grow because it is personal to everyone at work. The analysis taken from my research study can be following. Females may try to be something other than what they are, adopting a masculine style, for example, and not being authentic can be a mistake for any leader. That’s why this way of leadership style can bring positive reflection and 29 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova results on own attitude, habits, goals, career opportunity. Leaders need to understand their strengths and their priorities, as well as the culture, policies, and systems around them. There are wonderful opportunities, but  this means women have enormous choices and a much broader range of prototypes to think about and analyze. Some of females are making progress in taking leadership roles in organizations. It is clear that women can go all the way to the top today. And it is clear that female leaders face some problems as others, including men. Female with a high potential are in incredible demand, so companies need to look at how to retain these women. However, for today, the drive to the equalitarian roles of male and female is not a fight against of men or women. Also, it is not a war against men and their rights, family life and mutual respect between the sexes. The equality model is that has as much relevance to a modern society. This equality is a delicate balance of power, respect and sharing of responsibilities between men and women. That’s why egalitarian style is making female and male an efficient and productive, flexible and effective. This is proof of the fact that the best leaders are married people; they are the best in leadership. For instance, men are best when they lead and provide for their families, at the same time they improve themselves through skills of leaders and contribute their positive impact to society and vice versa. Both male and female get leadership skills during their study, education, job experience, trainings, seminars, they obtain good characteristics as qualifications, intelligence, hard work, and so forth. The best leaders, female and male, use rationally and successfully all obtained skills according to their surroundings, job occupation, environment, situation. That’s why all the time the best females’ and males’ leaders are trying to keep the following: â€Å"They do the things they think they can not do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  30 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 6. Conclusion In this thesis I wrote about leaders, leadership style and management, differences of male and female in leadership. I found out that many people are natural born leaders. They gain skills of leaders and learn leadership, both male and female. As for women, they are combining autocratic and democratic style of leadership. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. As for men, they are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. Therefore, women’s and men’s leadership style interrelated with their roles. For example, women are keeping house and working, at the same time men are taking part in housing, but mostly they are making career and busy with job. The priority men are giving to their job occupation. Anyway, men and women have different characteristics and try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent as leaders. Also, if male and female leaders are keeping skills of natural born leaders, such as ‘self-awareness, building rapport, clarify expectations’, develop others as leaders, ‘develop leadership influence skills’, to influence others follow willingly, create a motivating environment, so they are competent, desired, and essential as leaders in many spheres: business, politics, education, sport, and so forth. In addition, interpersonal skills and professional competence are important. Male and female could use these skills, and all above mentioned too, achieve results and reach their goals, it is very important for men and women. I would like to conclude my thesis by beautiful words which mostly related to business and sounded as meaningful expression: ‘Read Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman’. (From the following web.site: http:// www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html). 31 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Acknowledgement I would like to express my warm words as thanks to Dr. Professor Phillippe Daudi and Professor Mikael Lundgren for tutoring and suggesting in thesis writing, and to Program Coordinator Teresa Johansson for making good support during thesis procedures and studying. It is very interesting interactions among students and professors and teaching staff. It gives motivation for study research and positive reflection for the thesis writing. Besides, it was very interesting for me to be in a role of opponent for another male team of master thesis with similar topic, for the first time. I think it is an active process and good experience of study in international environment. The final seminars were essential and useful for understanding of different topics, and point of view of other students on the same things. Therefore, studying is an interesting progress of intellectual growth, it gives a new knowledge which can be used in further job occupation and development of own career. 32 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova References Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003) 807-834. The female Leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence, Article. Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., Harper Business, New Yourk, (2004). Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge. Blank Warren, Saranac Lake, NY, USA: AMACOM, (2001). 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders. Judith G. Oakley, Journal of Business Ethics, (2000), Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs. http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm, Men – natural leaders, by  Alan Barron. http://www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html.Women Leadership. http://www.leadershiparticles.net, Women In Business Network, Growth Rate Of Women In Business, by Jim Brown. http://www.sclmcoach.com, 2002, Women’s Style of Leadership, by Alicia M. Rodrigues. http://www.nwlink.com, quotes. http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html. 33 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Enclosure: Guide for Thesis writing (Summary) This is an enclosure for master thesis that I supposed to use for making research at the beginning. This guide was suggested to the thesis writing as guiding principle or instruction, that’s why it is left as reminder and direction in this enclosure. A short guide for thesis is as a summary of main points, which gives a view of the whole thesis. Starting from research area I would like to say that according to the thesis theme Female and Gender Leadership, it concern of male and female leadership styles and leads to narrow of research toward female leadership. Research problem and/or issue/question remain the same: What are the main distinctions of men and women leadership and management styles in the context of gender and leader role? How male and female hierarchies can bring to investigate leadership role in companies and organizations? I would like to add that this area and questions is very actual now, and will bring to female leadership, how women are implementing their leadership and management style and what kind of features and organizational culture their  hold. In another words, how women deal with leadership and management in the male-dominated world. The importance and implication of the research is both interrelated. Therefore, each research is important and will have results first of all for the writer/author, tutor, than for all interested in it parties. The importance of this research is a core for making investigation. The implication 34 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova should drive for using research methods and analyzes in order to conduct thesis writing in a way of doing own best. The usefulness and implication of this research consists of understanding of female leadership and further thinking about career, employment, etc. for women. Proposed methodology: I would like to use qualitative method for gathering relevant information and use an articles, books, and statistical information if it possible. To make analyzes of research data and formalize it to the answer of research question is one of the important issue during thesis writing. Theoretical context of the research (area/ topic/ question): The research area is male and female leadership and management. The object of study is men and women in the context of leadership and management, with further narrowing of female leadership and management style. While making research the different leadership theories can be reviewed and applied according to the necessity. As for feasibility, I believe that it can be done according to the thesis instructions and tutor’s feedback, advices, including own contribution to  the thesis investigation. The thesis is an important one and students will gain and improve their own research and writing skills. My vision of expected results is realistic and will be based on the chosen research question, methods and time plan (schedule of thesis writing). This thesis theme is interesting and could bring new knowledge about female leadership as a study for future perspectives of men and women leadership role. 35