Managing Human Resources - 3895 Words

Assignment On Managing Human Resources Task | Table of contents | Page | Introduction | 04 | Task 01 | 1.1 Explain Guest’s model of HRM as applicable to the above company. | 05 | | 1.2 Compare the differences between Storey’s definitions of HRM, personnel and IR practices in the above context. | 05 | | 1.3 Assess the implications for line managers and employees of developing a strategic approach to HRM in a company like Unilever. | 06 | Task 02 | 2.1 Explain in Unilever, how a model of flexibility might be applied in practice. | 07 | | 2.2 Discuss the types of flexibility which may be developed by the organization Unilever. | 07 | | 2.3 Assess the use of flexible working practices†¦show more content†¦(Kogan Page, 2009) Guest has recognized that the concept of promise is messy and that the relationship between promise and high performance is hard to set up. It also employs a flow approach, seeing strategy foundation practice, leading to a variety of preferred outcomes which is used in the Unilever Company. This model which is used in Unilever Company is tying employee behavior and commitment into the goals of strategic management and tepid on the value of trade unions. The employee relationship is viewed as one between the person and the organization. (hrmguide.co.uk) 1.2 Compare the differences between Storey’s definitions of HRM, personnel and IR practices in the above context. There are three major organizational properties: human resources, financial resources and technological resources. HRM is an individual approach to service management which seeks to attain competitive advantage during the strategic deployment of an extremely committed and capable workforce, using a selection of cultural, structural and personnel techniques. (Storey, 1995). From this definition HRM is a mixture of people-oriented management practices that views employees as assets, not costs; and its major aim is to make and maintain a skilful and dedicated workforce to grow competitive advantage. The differences in theShow MoreRelatedManaging Human Resources1010 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿P.1.1 This assissment is going to be about Human Resource Management and it’s going to contain information about different perspectives of human resources management and what the role involves. . HRM system is based on HR system , both work together to the same way. The example is HR strategies defining the direction in which HRM intends to go. We got few models of HRM , one I want to describe is Guest’s Model of HRM. David Guest’s model of HRM has 6 dimensions of analysis : HRM strategy HRMRead MoreManaging Human Resources4517 Words   |  19 Pagesï » ¿ Managing Human Resources Contents Introduction 1 Task 1 1 1.1 The Guest’s model of Human Resource Management 1 1.2 The differences between Story’s definitions of HRM, personnel and Industrial Relations (IR) practices: 3 1.3 The implications of developing a strategic approach to HRM for line managers and employees in organizations 5 Task2 6 2.1 A model of flexibility is applied in my organization 6 2.2 The types of flexibility developed in myRead MoreManaging Global Human Resources2493 Words   |  10 PagesMANAGING GLOBAL HUMAN RESOURCES The environment in which business competes is rapidly becoming globalized. More and more companies are entering international markets by exporting their products overseas, building plants in other countries, and entering into alliances with foreign companies. Global competition is driving changes in organizations throughout the world. Companies are attempting to gain a competitive advantage, which can be provided by international expansion. Deciding whether to enterRead MoreThe Managing Human Resources Class1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Managing Human Resources class has been a great experience for me. My perception of HR has changed since we started the class. In the beginning of class, I thought all HR departments were the same as the only one I’ve ever experienced throughout my career; which happens to be with the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA). I now understand HR can be much more and TWRA’s HR is not providing many of the services it could be. Unfo rtunately, TWRA’s HR is only delivering functional expertiseRead MoreManaging Human Resource Management And Its Environment1654 Words   |  7 PagesManaging Human Resources In the book Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Sixth Edition by Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, chapter one managing human resources gives an outline of human resource management, also known as (HRM), and its environment. Chapter one talks about the understanding, company performance, responsibilities, skills, ethics, and careers of human resource management. Many may know what HRM stands for, human resource management, but do we really know the true meaningRead MoreCase Study : Managing Human Resource1966 Words   |  8 PagesCase Study for Managing Human Resource Case study for Managing Human Resource Harrods is a brand that is recognised all over the world. Its Knightsbridge store has 1 million square feet of selling space with over 330 different departments. Its global reputation and prestige is instilled through its brand values. Brand values represent what an organisation stands for. Harrods values are – British; Luxury; Service; Innovation and Sensation. This case study demonstrates the integral role that Harrods’Read More Managing Global Human Resources Essay2450 Words   |  10 Pagescountries is no simple matter and many human resource issues surface. (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright; 534) Doing business globally requires that adaptations be made to reflect cultural and other factors that differ from country to country and from continent to continent. The nature and stability of political systems vary in character and stability, with contracts suddenly becoming unenforceable because of internal political factors. Human resource regulations and laws vary among countriesRead MoreManaging International Human Resource Management1860 Words   |  8 Pagesturn created the need for International Human Resource Management (IHRM) roles (Scullion, 2001). Human resource management is progressively becoming a major factor that can determine the success or failure of MNC’s. Scullion (2001) concluded that HR strategies play a vital role in implementation and control in MNC’s, and alignment between HR strategies and the organisational structure of MNC’s often results in superior outcomes. In order to strive, human resources must be managed effectively to gainRea d MoreHuman Resource Management : The Effective Methodology Of Managing Human Capital956 Words   |  4 Pagestopic is Human Resource Management: The effective Methodology of Managing Human Capital. The second topic is The Constraint of Women in Leadership Roles. The demand of a transforming world influences roles in human resource management and women occupying leadership position. Both topics depth with challenges that produce opportunities to structure organizations future. In order to sustain the advancement of the United States economy, organizations need restructure the way its Human Resource administrateRead MoreManaging Human Resources : An Exercise Depth Study On Human Resource Management3430 Words   |  14 Pages Title: Managing Human Resources: An In Depth Study on Human Resources Module Name: Module No: Group: Submission Deadline: Executive Summary: Human resource management is an integral function of an organization. It is the specialized field of study with realization that employees play a vital role in the achievement of the overall objectives and goals of an organization. We conduct an assignment on Human Resource Management of Harrods. The assignment is divided into four parts

Justification And Justification Of The Penal System

Punishment in general can obviously be justified (in the traditional sense of the term) on utilitarian grounds. Nevertheless, usually its justification is not asked for. Because justification of punishment, in general is unnecessary. It is the justification of particular infliction of pain (or punishment) that can be enquired of. As a man can legitimately ask for justification of a particular law of a state. However, nobody enquires of the justification of legal system or of law in general. It is meaningful to ask, Can this rule be justified? Or Are not those laws justifiable? But it is not worthwhile rather it is absurd to ask, Can law (in general) be justified? Similarly, punishment in general or penal system requires no†¦show more content†¦Retribution assigns a punishment that is appropriate to the crime, which is ideal in punishing criminals whereas general deterrence works to persuade society to obey the law, and specific deterrence work. From the variety of utilit arian justifications of punishment, retribution is the most convincing as its theoretical goals are sustained through societies, whereas general and specific deterrence cannot be justified on their own, as they do not match with retribution. For retributionists, punishment is backward looking, justified by the crime that has been committed and carried out to atone for the damage already done. Retributivism covers all theories that justify punishment because the offender deserves it. This is interpreted in two ways, either a person must be punished because they deserve it (deserving is a sufficient reason for punishment), or a person must not be punished unless they deserve it (deserving is a necessary but not sufficient condition for punishment). There are two distinct types of retributive justice. The classical definition embraces the idea that the amount of punishment must be proportionate to the amount of harm caused by the offence. Many strands of retrivbutism including Lex Talionis which seeks to restore the balance between offender and victim. The third is in accordance with the grievance principle; that

Samuel free essay sample

As shown in the exhibit, because the price of LG TV was decreasing, Samuel’s Electronics would record less cost of good sold and consequently have greater ending inventory value utilizing LIFO inventory system. The company would generate higher net income and increase the earnings. Also, LIFO could reflect the most recent costs with current revenues, whereas FIFO could not. Therefore, when the company decided to apply LIFO method to record sales and expenses, the financial report would look better than the company’s actual performance. However, LIFO did not approximate the actual physical flow of inventory and understated the ending balance of inventory relative to current costs. Therefore, there was a larger chance that manager could use LIFO to manipulate the net income by reducing year-end production or purchases. The external stakeholders would not receive the reliable and accurate information from financial reports. On the other hand, using FIFO to record inventory sales and expenses would properly reveal the physical flow of inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on Samuel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The external stakeholders could easily track the company’s inventory operation. However, it would not reflect the current price of inventory. In Samuel’s case, since the price the purchasing LG TV was decreasing, the overall cost of good sold was overstated as result. CONCLUSION There is no better or worse option between LIFO and FIFO. Both advantages and disadvantages exist in LIFO and FIFO inventory system. Which one to choose depends on company’s business strategy and accounting rules. If you have any question, please feel free to contact me through email.

Raymond Carver free essay sample

Like with many other things in life, if you take the time and learn a little about the history of the person behind the creation, the nuances will begin to define themselves. The similarities between Raymond Carver’s parents’ relationship and the relationship between him and his first wife are very interesting. Carver and his father both worked as sawmill workers and his mother and his wife both worked as waitresses and sales clerks. That is just the beginning of the similarities. Carver and his father both suffered from alcohol addiction. It is during one of those drunken times that one wonders if the scene written about took place. It is easy to question is this a work of fiction or was it an actual moment from Carver’s own life. Was he a small boy whose parents were arguing so heatedly? Or was it he himself and his wife? Or is this even a scene that has been played out many times in his life by his parents as a child and then between he and his wife as an adult. We will write a custom essay sample on Raymond Carver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Williams 2 In â€Å"Mine† the language is more descriptive and the intensity of the emotions that are being expressed can be felt more clearly. And because the wording is more vivid in this version, I believe that the short story was based on a memory from Carver’s own childhood. The first edition, I believe allows greater insight into the pain of the mother and the determination to keep the child. The father’s emotions are slightly more veiled and not as direct. Because mothers are the primary care takers of the children, I think what we are reading about is at minimum a feeling expressed into words of Carver’s feelings about his parents. We feel the pain of the mother and know the anguish that must be in her heart as her baby is being ripped from her arms. In â€Å"Little Things† the language is more garbled and the feelings are not as apparent. Words that provide emphasis are omitted and the tone is more that of despair. The parents almost appear as empty and going through motions and not actively in the moment. I have no doubt after reading this version that the parents cared more for themselves than the child itself. I was left with the feeling that the outcome was known before the first sentence was complete. It was easy to once again wonder if this was a moment in the author’s own life. With this edition of the story, had the intensity of the memory been lulled with the first publication? Because with the feeling removed, the story does not have the same effect that it did in the previous publication. The third edition had no changes except to the title, so it could even be possible that the final edition â€Å"Popular Mechanics,† was solely to say fare well to the memory all together. Raymond Carver was a writer who lived the life one often thinks that a writer would live. Failed relationships, issues with alcoholism, and a general feeling of not being understood were all things that Carver battled for a good part of his adult life. The first publication â€Å"Mine† shows so much emotion and clarity you never doubt the thoughts or the actions of the characters. The Williams 3 actual origin or muse for the story will never be known. We will forever speculate on whether the story is a moment from his childhood or if this is a scene played out in his adult life. We do know however that the first title â€Å"Mine† is the title that most accurately describes the conflict within the story and the lives of its characters.

The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEssay Writing Service

The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEssay Writing Service The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essay The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEach year thousands of Americans are stopped by the police in order to be questioned and frisked. Everyone understands that each stop, question and frisk encounter violated the established constitutional rights. The legal issues which refer to the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy are associated with violation of certain rules that create a debate regarding the validity of the practices. The controversial Stop, Question, and Frisk practices require thorough investigation. It is illegal to aggressively stop and question American citizens who merely enter public places. In many cases, law enforcement personnel uses creative ways to stop, question and frisk people who have shown no evidence of being involved in criminal activity. For example, the New York Police Department’s   â€Å"Operation Clean Halls† has been used since 1991 allowing local police officers to conduct the so-called â€Å"vertical patrols† by providing w ell-organized stop-and-frisk searches in hallways of public buildings (Mathias, 2012). Actually, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practiced in New York City by the City Police Department stands for the legal procedure, which requires stop and question thousands of people, as well as frisk them for weapons, drugs and other contraband. In fact, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices are based on the established laws and regulations that can be found in the Section 140.50 of the New York State Criminal Procedure Law. According to statistical data regarding stop, question and frisk practices, in 2011, 684,330 people were stopped, the majority of them were African-Americans or Latinos (Devereaux, 2012). In this paper, the controversial issues about the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices will be investigated. It is hypothesized that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African Americans and Latinos. It is necessary to achieve a b alance between the constitutional rights and the policy duties.Literature Review The issue regarding the Stop, Question, and Frisk program has been wildly discussed in academic literature and the mass media sources. The following eleven literature reviews attempt to demonstrate the hypothesis and provide comprehensive support for it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the newspaper article by Ryan Devereaux (2012), several important questions were discussed in relation to the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices. It has been found that in 2011, 684,330 people were stopped, and the majority of them were African-Americans or Latinos (Devereaux, 2012). This fact means the overwhelming majority of people stopped by the police were the people of color. Besides, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices foster distrust toward the police in African American and Latino communities. Many young people have the sense of fear caused by the police stop-and-frisks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by Michael M. Grynbaum and Marjorie Connelly, the New York’s stop, question, and frisk policy has been criticized because it allows the police to detain any person they find suspicious. Although that policy has been put in practice in order to succeed in combating violent crimes, today there is much evidence that it promotes racial profiling. It has been found that the majority of residents claim that the Police Department â€Å"favors whites over blacks,† according to the findings taken from The New York Times poll (Grynbaum Connelly, 2012).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another researcher and journalist, Joseph Goldsteinsept supports the position of the previous authors. He has found that in eastern Brooklyn, many young people try to avoid clasping hands when greeting each other in the street because they are â€Å"fearful that their grasp might be mistaken for a drug deal and invite a search by the police† ( Goldsteinsept, 2014, p.1).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study conducted by David Weisburd and colleagues (2014), special attention is paid to the role of policing practices in the New York crime decline. The researchers highlight the impact of innovations implemented in the New York police strategies. It has been found that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has contributed to the crime drop in the area over the last years. They examined the data on crime and stop, question and frisks policy implementation in order to prove the fact that the stop, question and frisks practices are â€Å"concentrated at crime hot spots† (Weisburd et al., 2014, p. 129). The researchers raise concerns regarding possible negative effects of the stop, question and frisks practices.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by David A. Harris (1995), the cases of the stop, question and frisks allow the police to conduct searches and seizures in the str eets, making the police officers act without any probable cause. This article shows that the policy requires balancing the interests of the police and private interests.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study conducted by Andrew Gelmana and colleagues (2007), there is much evidence that the police officers tend to stop individuals who belong to racial and ethnic minority groups more often than white people based on their proportions in the overall population of the city (p. 813). Researchers support the ideas of previous authors that persons of African and Hispanic descent face discrimination as they are stopped, questioned and frisked more frequently than white people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One more article that criticizes the stop, question and frisks policy is the article by Christopher Mathias. A report on NYPD stop, question and frisks policy calls for a comprehensive internal audit. One of the benefits is the â€Å"the effectiveness of stop and frisk† in the prevention of carrying guns on the street (Mathias, 2012). However, the author states that there are more weaknesses than strengths of this policy. People who face these practices point out to the fact that many stops are illegal (Mathias, 2012). This fact means that many stops lack the proper justification. Innocent people suffer from injustices and violation of human rights.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, there are many proponents of the stop, question and frisks policy. The article written by Joseph Ferrandino (2010) provides a comprehensive analysis of the policy, placing emphasis on the benefits of the stop, question and frisks practices. The analysis of New York Police Department (NYPD) stop and frisk practices has been focused on its equity and effectiveness, including technical efficiency. This research reflects the police efficiency, setting the foundation for future investigation of the existing models as well as the outcomes resulting from frisks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by Jeffrey Fagan and colleagues (2011), the discussion of the positive and negative consequences of New York City’s modern policing strategies helps to assess the necessity of making an analysis of stop and frisk. The researchers states that stop, question and frisk practice was an â€Å"essential feature, perhaps the most important and active ingredient, in the regime of Order Maintenance Policing (OMP) that began in New York City in 1994† (Fagan, 2011, p. 1). In fact, the research is based on highlighting the fairness of the practice as the central motive of the reactions of people from different ethnic backgrounds, including Whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics to experiences with the police. It has been found that all people want the police to act fairly in relation to minorities.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, in the article by Kevin Buckler and George E. Higgins (2014), special attention is paid to the existing perceived injustice and crime policy preference. The aggressiveness of the policy influence racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of residents, but the stop-and-frisk practices are effective at reducing the rate of violent crime in the region, as well as the rate of gun offenses (Buckler Higgins, 2014). The research provides an analysis of the key findings, which contribute to the implementation of the policy in the future. Moreover, the implications for future research are discussed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, in Fallon’s article, the Stop, Question and Frisk policy is assessed as effective, although it challenges constitutional rights mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. There is a necessity to update the policy in some way, adding the force of law and limiting the ability of the police officers to make adequate policy decisions, without discrimination (Fallon, 2013).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the issue regarding the Stop, Question, and Frisk program remains a controversial issue, although the literature reviews provided in this paper point out many positive effects of the policy on society in general and each citizen in particular.Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The New York Police Department’s practices are aimed at reducing crime rate in the region. The Stop, Question, and Frisk program has both positive and negative aspects that should be taken into consideration by the government. There is much evidence that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program demonstrates the elements of racial and ethnic division between Whites and minority groups on the issues of apparent inequality, injustice and the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy preference (Buckler Higgins, 2014). Many researchers explore racial and ethnic variation that exists among New York City residents, placing emphasis on the aggressiveness of the Stop, Question and Frisk policy. This fact means that the policy influences racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of American citizens. The Stop, Question and Frisk policy can be very effective in the ways to reduce violent crime and gun offenses, but it may be ineffective in promotion of racial equality and reduction of racial discrimination in the United States. Today everyone in the United States is aware of the fact that racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of citizens are affected by the fact that the police officers treat Blacks and Hispanics differently than Whites.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, it is obvious that current situation regarding the implementation of the Stop, Question and Frisk policy presents a dilemma for American society. On the one hand, it is the U.S. constitutional law that individuals should be free from the arbitrary police intrusions on their privacy rights. At the same time , the effectiveness of law enforcement practices depends on the development and implementation of adequate programs aimed at reducing violence and crime rate through maintenance of safe streets. If police officers are given an opportunity to stop, question and frisk Americans who are reasonably suspected by the police to be involved in criminal activity, the crime rate may be reduced to minimum.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, recent research places emphasis on the discussion of the positive and negative consequences of the New York Police Department’s modern policing strategies in order to evaluate the necessity of making changes in the Stop, Question and Frisk policy (Buckler Higgins, 2014; Fallon, 2013; Ferrandino, 2013). It is very important to achieve a comprehensive balance between the constitutional rights provided to American citizens and the policy duties mentioned in the police code of conduct presents a real challenge for any police officer . Recent research shows that in recent decade, there has been a perception that the New York Police Department has sacrificed the protection of both human rights and civil liberties in order to pursue the established organizational goals. This fact means that the Stop, Question and Frisk practices provided by the New York Police Department remain at the center of the public debate.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the legal standards that govern the Stop, Question and Frisk policy should be taken into consideration. The fact that the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement personnel means that the Stop, Question and Frisk policy is improper. There are legal cases, which demonstrate that the Fourth Amendment works, including Terry v. Ohio case, in which the Court ruled that the proper legal standard should be reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause (Weisburd et al., 2014). N evertheless, there are also cases, which point out that the police have the right to provide Stop, Question and Frisk practices including the cases like California v. Hodari D. and United States v. Cortes (Weisburd et al., 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, American citizens are not obliged to answer inquires provided by law enforcement personnel. The established constitutional standards exist to provide protection to individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, if they are not criminals. However, if they are criminals and the police officers have reasonable suspicion that the individuals are involved in criminal activities, the Stop, Question and Frisk policy works. Recent researches are based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the policy in relation to minority and ethnic groups. Thus, the Stop, Question, and Frisk program may be characterized as improper policy as it fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African Americ ans and Latinos.Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, it is necessary to conclude that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program remains a controversial one, although there is much evidence that it has many positive effects on American society in general and each American citizen in particular. It would be better to make certain improvements in the policy in order to add the force of the constitutional law and allow the police officers to make adequate policy decisions, without racial discrimination and segregation. To achieve a balance between the constitutional rights and the policy duties presents a real challenge for any police officer. This paper discusses not only the controversy about the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices, but also mentions the applicable standards which govern the implementation of the policy. It has been hypothesized that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African American s and Latinos. The hypothesis can be accepted as there is much evidence on the negative effects of the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices. It becomes clear that it is necessary to achieve a balance between the constitutional rights and the law enforcement duties. It is recommended to assess the effectiveness of current law enforcement mechanism regarding the implementation of the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy.

King Hammurabi of Babylonia - Biographical Profile

King Hammurabi of Babylonia - Biographical Profile King Hammurabi was an important Babylonian king known best for an early law code, that we refer to by his name. He united Mesopotamia and turned Babylonia into an important power. Some refer to Hammurabi as Hammurapi Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi is now synonymous with his code of laws, referred to as the Code of Hammurabi. Five columns of the stele on which his laws were written (inscribed) have been erased. Scholars estimate the total number of legal judgments contained on the stele when it was intact would have been around 300. The stele may not actually contain  laws, per se, as judgments made by Hammurabi. By recording the judgments he made, the stele would have served to testify to and honor King Hammurabis acts and deeds. Hammurabi and the Bible Hammurabi may have been the Biblical Amraphel, King of Sennaar, mentioned in the Bible book of Genesis. Hammurabi Dates Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty about 4000 years ago. We dont know for sure when during a general period running from 2342 to 1050 B.C. he ruled, but the standard Middle Chronology puts his dates at 1792-1750. (Put that date in context by looking at the major events timeline.) [Source] Military Accomplishment of Hammurabi In the 30th year of his reign, Hammurabi removed his country from vassalage to Elam by obtaining a military victory against its king. He then conquered the land west of Elam, Iamuthala, and Larsa. Following these conquests, Hammurabi called himself King of Akkad and Sumer. Hammurabi also conquered Rabiqu, Dupliash, Kar-Shamash, Turukku (?), Kakmum, and Sabe. His kingdom extended to Assyria and northern Syria. More Accomplishments of Hammurabi In addition to being a warrior, Hammurabi built temples, dug canals, promoted agriculture, established justice, and promoted literary activity.

Compare and contrast the two accounts. What is the perspective of each Essay

Compare and contrast the two accounts. What is the perspective of each text How does Diamant change or add to the Genesis narrative Why - Essay Example very important to anyone who reads this novel to read also the Bible, so that he will be guided by the chronological events, the characters and the existing facts that might be destroyed, if a reader will just be depended or hooked to the ideas and emotions the novel injects. The reference here is the scripture, which will be the real basis of the discussion, and relatively how the novel, The Red Tent made slight changes to the biblical story line. By then, a reader will be equipped with the necessary understanding on how a margin line can be created from both, such that will separate what is scriptural and a historical fiction. Speaking of fiction, The Red Tent is a thing that could be appreciated. Any person who loves fiction can easily grasp and understand the point of view of the author. It is expected that from the original text, a novel can add and modify the real content in order to create the twist of what the true story is, and then produce a beautiful piece without necessarily referring from the actual facts. From the title of the novel, it will lead us to the idea that the whole novel would not really be a Biblical fact. The term â€Å"red tent† where allegedly Dinah and her mothers gather together is only a creative thing added by the author of the novel itself. In the novel, the red tent is the place where Hebrew women gathered together during their menstrual periods, and as they gather share thoughts, ideas and their womanly experiences in life. The portrayal in the story attempts to make us visualize a designated place for women exclusively made for them to hide themselves from the com munity during their monthly periods. Biblically, it is not true that there is an intended place particularly for women to gather during their monthly period. Scriptural account from the book of the Bible shows that a woman during her menstrual cycle would stay on her tent until menstruation end, but not particularly red tent. Another point is, the practice of

Operations Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Operations Management Principles - Essay Example This essay explores the old Economic Order Quantities. I think it is an issue because old data about EOQs do not reflect the current state of affairs. The Economic Order Quantity model (EOQ) is a mathematical model for deriving the optimal purchase quantity. The EOQ model seeks to minimize total carrying and ordering costs by balancing purchase costs, ordering costs, carrying costs and stockout costs. In order to compute the economic order quantity, the supervisor needs the following information: forecasted demand during a period, cost of placing the order, that value of the purchase price, and the carrying cost for maintaining the total inventory. The fourth problem is the impossibility to engage trained or trainable temporary workers. I think it is associated with a lack of process planning and therefore should be solved in connection with it. I think that the plan must consist of strategic decisions that are made typically over a longer time horizon. These are closely linked to th e corporate strategy and guide supply chain policies from a design perspective. (Ganeshan & Harrison, 1995) The strategy includes the development of a management information system that will store the data about the company’s activity and help to make operational decisions. Management information systems (MIS) are information systems, typically computer-based, that are used within an organization. A management information system may be defined as "a system that collects and processes data (information) and provides it to managers at all levels that use it for decision making, planning, program implementation, and control." An information system is comprised of all the components that collect, manipulate, and disseminate data or information. It usually includes hardware, software, people, communications systems such as telephone lines, and the data itself. The activities involved include inputting data, processing of data into information, storage of data and information, and the production of outputs such as management reports. (Management information system from Wikipedia, 2006) A standard is any guideline established as the basis for measurement. It is a precise, explicit statement of expected results from a product, service, machine, individual, or organizational unit. It is usually expressed numerically and is set for quality, quantity, and time. Tolerance is a permissible deviation from the standard. (Allen, 1998) A set of controls should be developed. Time controls relate to deadlines and time constraints. Material controls relate to inventory and material-yield controls. Equipment controls are built into the machinery, imposed on the operator to protect the equipment or the process. Cost controls help ensure cost standards are met. Employee performance controls focus on the actions and behaviors of individuals and groups of employees. Examples include absences, tardiness, accidents, quality, and quantity of work. Budgets control cost or expense r elated standards. Financial controls facilitate achieving the organization's profit motive. One method of financial controls budgets.

Duckett family Essay Example for Free

Duckett family Essay The current trend of journalism organizations to hire â€Å"screaming journalists† like Nancy Grace and others is a disservice to the Fourth Estate and threatens the very notion of a free press. Grace and others of her ilk are not reporters seeking the news for its value to the general public nor are they attempting to inform. These confrontational entertainers are more interested in high ratings and controversary than in the news. Furthermore, their lack of general human compassion is endangering the entire profession. Never is this more clear than in the case of the family of Melinda Duckett vs. CNN and Nancy Grace. In September, 2006, Melinda Duckett’s two-year-old son was reported missing and Duckett agreed to appeared on Grace’s show in an effort to promote the manhunt for her missing child. Grace was belligerent and in the woman’s face, screaming at her because she would not discuss her whereabouts when the child disappeared and accusing the woman of having something to do with her child’s disappearance. (Smoking Gun, 2006). Duckett’s son has still not been found, but a day after the interview with Grace, the woman shot and killed herself with a shotgun. In the days following Duckett’s death, Grace not only aired the original interview berating the distraught woman, but she went on the nightly news herself, defending her interviewing techniques. â€Å"Former prosecutor turned talk show host Nancy Grace is unapologetic about her aggressive approach to a mother who committed suicide after an interview about the womans missing son,† ABC News reported (â€Å"Nancy Grace says ‘Guilt’). Grace showed no human compassion for the mother in the interview or in the days after her death. Drawing on her history as a criminal prosecutor, Grace attacked in a manner more appropriate for a courtroom than a newsroom. That is not to say that reporters should not ask tough questions, but they should not browbeat an interviewee and speak over them as is reported Grace did. Reporters have a responsibility to seek out the news not make it. In her attacks on Melinda Duckett, Nancy Grace went beyond the level and stepped back into her prosecutorial role, attempting to find the criminal. â€Å"How is that questioning doing anything but making a person in a desperate situation feeling even more desperate? said Hub Brown, a professor at Syracuse Universitys Newhouse School of Communications. â€Å" (ABC News) Grace defended her unrelenting questioning as a serach for truth and said police later agreed with her that Melinda Duckett is a suspect in her son’s disappearance. What police actually said was that in a child disappearance, the parents are always the initial suspect. Almost a year later, Duckett’s son has still not been found. What has happened, however, is that Grace has put all legitimate journalists in danger of having their rights revoked due to her drive for ratings. In November, 2006, the parents of Melinda Duckett filed a lawsuit against Grace, CNN and Duckett’s estranged husband who helped arrange the Grace interview (Smoking Gun). And, in June, 2007, a Florida court ruled that the case had merit and would be tried in federal court because the participants reside in multiple jurisdictions (â€Å"Ruling in†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). By bringing this kind of unwanted spectacle to the media, Grace is causing a chilling effect that will lead to fewer people wanting to cooperate with the media and could ultimately lead to a restriction in the rights of journalists. Her lack of basic human compassion is more relevant than whether Melinda Duckett killed or abducted her own son. The role of the media is not to determine the truth, but to report that truth after it has been exhibited by others. While some investigative journalists might argue this point, the reality is that even investigative journalists do not draw their own conclusions about the news. They search for facts and report them. Nancy Grace took facts not in evidence and applied them to the Duckett case, making herself judge, jury and prosecutor of Melinda Duckett without giving Duckett the benefit of a defense attorney. Grace, however, insists her line of questioning was reasonable. â€Å"In an exclusive interview with Good Morning America today, Grace said that she takes no responsibility for Ducketts suicide. If anything, I would suggest that guilt made her commit suicide, Grace told ABC News Chris Cuomo. To suggest that a 15 or 20 minute interview can cause someone to commit suicide is focusing on the wrong thing, she said. â€Å" (ABC NEWS) Grace’s attitude in the wake of Duckett’s suicide is another black eye for the face of journalism. Her unapologetic accusations against the dead woman seemed to indicate that she believes her questioning was appropriate even if it did contribute to Duckett’s death. Her claim that â€Å"even the police agree with me† (ABC News), does little to redeem Grace in the eyes of the general public. Instead, she is seen as so concerned about her ratings that she would put them above human safety. That attitude seems to be in evidence on her webpage. Grace actually advertises for crime victims to call her show and become part of the entertainment value of the news (CNN. com) Though she places her calls for tips in the framework of helping crime victims seek justice, her show advocates her â€Å"Cross Exam† and her prosecutorial drive to find the answers to crime. If Ms. Grace believed that rooting out crime was her calling, she should not have left the prosecutors office for the media. Her style of â€Å"journalism† is an insult to those who attempt to keep the Fourth Estate free of bias and predetermined opinions. Instead, based on her experience, Grace makes judgments calls about people’s guilt as she did with Melinda Duckett and â€Å"reports† the news based on her interpretation of events. She had an exclusive interview with the mother of a missing child, a child police still presume to be alive. Instead of carefully crafter questions designed to help authorities and the general public find the missing boy, Grace decided that badgering Melinda Duckett would mean better ratings. For the sake of the industry, one can only hope that the Duckett family attorneys cannot prove that greed and not news was Grace’s motivation. If they prove that she sought ratings over the truth and therefore did contribute to the death of Melinda Duckett, the chilling effect on all media will be extreme. Her unreasonably harsh questioning methods place all media attempts to get to the truth in danger and violates the most basic tenet of the Fourth Estate: to inform. Nancy Grace has no intention to inform the general public of anything the day she interviewed Melinda Duckett except for her own conviction that Duckett was responsible for her son’s disappearance. This kind of action has no role in journalism, but belongs in editorial and opinion pages, not disguised as news. WORKS CITED ABCNews. com. Nancy Grace says ‘Guilt’ Likely Made Mother Commit Suicide† http://abcnews. go. com/GMA/story? id=2448050page=1 , June 24, 2007. Nancy Grace Homepage. http://www. cnn. com/CNN/Programs/nancy. grace/, June 24, 2007. â€Å"Ruling Made in Duckett-Grace Case† http://www. local6. com/news/13533994/detail. html? rss=orlpnpsp=news,, June 24, 2007. The Smoking Gun, â€Å"Nancy Grace Sued for Wrongful Death† http://www. thesmokinggun. com/archive/1121061grace1. html ,, June 24, 2007.

the origin of electoral college Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States of America, the presidential election takes place every four years, on the first Tuesday of November [1]. Most people believe they are directly voting for the presidential candidate, and the person with the most popular votes will win the election. However, instead of voting for the presidential candidate, people are voting for the electors, individuals who vote in the Electoral College. Moreover, the total electoral vote, not the popular vote, actually determines the winner of the United States presidential election. The election of the year 2000 is a perfect example of the Electoral College. President George W. Bush won the presidential election of the year 2000 with more electoral votes, not popular votes. Before the presidential election of year 2000, most people pay no or little attention to the electoral votes, because most people do not understand the concept of the Electoral College, or even did not know there the different between po pular votes and Electoral College.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before continue to discuss about the Electoral College, we must first understand the history of Electoral College and the concept of how does it work. The Electoral College system was established in Article II, section I, of the U.S. Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Electoral College was established by the founding fathers as a compromise between election of the president by Congress and election by popular v... the origin of electoral college Essay -- essays research papers fc   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the United States of America, the presidential election takes place every four years, on the first Tuesday of November [1]. Most people believe they are directly voting for the presidential candidate, and the person with the most popular votes will win the election. However, instead of voting for the presidential candidate, people are voting for the electors, individuals who vote in the Electoral College. Moreover, the total electoral vote, not the popular vote, actually determines the winner of the United States presidential election. The election of the year 2000 is a perfect example of the Electoral College. President George W. Bush won the presidential election of the year 2000 with more electoral votes, not popular votes. Before the presidential election of year 2000, most people pay no or little attention to the electoral votes, because most people do not understand the concept of the Electoral College, or even did not know there the different between po pular votes and Electoral College.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before continue to discuss about the Electoral College, we must first understand the history of Electoral College and the concept of how does it work. The Electoral College system was established in Article II, section I, of the U.S. Constitution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Electoral College was established by the founding fathers as a compromise between election of the president by Congress and election by popular v...

Recruitment Plan

Executive Summary The main purpose of this report is to establish guidelines for the recruitment and selection of a Restaurant hostess for the Waterfront Hotel, New Plymouth. This report is comprised of identifying job positions, job analysis, job description and selection process, so as to follow a systematic procedure during the recruitment process of the Restaurant Manager. Objectives The objective of this report is to develop a systematic recruitment plan for the Restaurant Manager. Contents The contents of this report are:- * Literature review of recruitment plan * Steps of recruitment plan * Job description Job advertisement * Recommendation * Conclusion Literature review of recruitment plan RECRUITMENT:- Recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organization (EDWIN FLIPPO). It’s the process of identifying and hiring the best-qualified candidate (from within or outside of an organization) for a job vac ancy, in a most timely and cost effective manner, as the human resource is the most valuable belonging to an organization. NEED FOR RECRUITMENT:- * Fulfilling the vacancies generated due to promotion, transfer, retirement, termination, death or employee turnover. Creating new vacancies due to growth, expansion and diversification of the business activity of an organization. OBJECTIVE:- * It determines the present and future requirements of personnel of an organization * Increases the organizational effectiveness in long term and short term * Identify potential job applicants suitable for the post * Provides opportunities to procure human resource. RECRUITMENT PLAN:- is an organized written strategy that identifies the recruitment objectives for a position and contains different components like job analysis, job description, recruitment announcement and advertisement, interview plans etc.Steps of recruitment plan JOB IDENTIFICATION: Job identification collects the specific descriptio n of a position with the skills required to perform the task of the position. The job identification process initiates the recruitment process to determine when a position is needed and the position entails. After identifying the job need, the job description and requirements are written and the job is assigned for a compensation level. JOB ANALYSIS: Job analysis may be defined as a study of jobs to identify the observable work activities, tasks and responsibilities associated with a particular job.It focuses on work behaviours, tasks and outcomes. It helps to prepare job description and job specifications. JOB DESCRIPTION: Job descriptions are systematically prepared written down narrative of duties, responsibilities and the reporting structure of jobs. It also includes the authorities provided to the employees in a particular designation and what level of performances is expected from the employees. It also includes * Job simplification and job design * Job enlargement * Job enric hment RECRUITMENT METHODS: There are mainly two types of recruitment methods:- * Internal recruitment * External recruitmentInternal recruitment:- In internal method of recruitment an employee is recruited for a specific designation from the organization itself. Internal recruitment is generally done either by promoting an employee (succession planning) or by transferring a potential employee from a department to another. An organization advertises the employment to its employee by putting it in notice board, newsletters or staff magazines. While recruiting through internal recruitment, the recruiters are generally aware of the potential, strength, weaknesses, personal traits, performance, skills and knowledge of the employee.In the same way the employee is also aware of the work culture and environment, and knows his colleagues, seniors and sub-ordinates in the organisation. Internal recruitment saves a lot of money and time of the organisation. But internal recruitment also leads to de-motivation of the employees who gets rejected in the recruitment process. Different methods of internal recruitment are:- * Transfer * Job posting * Employee referral External recruitment:- In external recruitment, the employees are recruited for a specific designation from outside the organization. This helps to welcome fresh ideas in the organization.The different methods of external employment are:- * Online recruitment * Consultancies * Campus selection from educational institutions * Advertising in newspapers * Govt. Agencies like employment exchange * Walk-ins External recruitment is more time taking and costly than internal recruitment. SELECTION PROCESS: Selection is the process of picking the most suitable candidate who would meet the requirements of the job best and will be successful if hired. The basic purpose of selection is to choose the best suited individual for the job from the pool of qualified candidates. The basic steps of selection process are: Application blank * Selection tests * Selection interview * Reference checks Application blank/form:- it is one of the most common methods used to collect various information about the candidates. As:- * Personal data * Marital data * Educational and academic data * Experience * Extra-curricular activities * References and recommendations It’s a commonly used selection tool as it is a formal way of introduction between the candidate and the recruiter. It also helps the recruiter to compare among the candidates against the eligibility criteria and can screen candidates who fail to meet the eligibility criteria.Selection tests:- The selection tests or the employment test attempts to asses intelligence, abilities, aptitude of the candidates. These tests are important selection tools which enables the recruiter to select the most suitable candidate from the pool of the qualified candidates. The different selection tests are:- * Intelligence tests * Aptitude tests * Personality tests During these tests the recruiter also checks the leadership skills, Communication and soft skills, competency, computer-based skill and knowledge of the candidate. Interview:- Interview is a kind of oral examination of candidates for employment.The recruiter (interviewer) asks a set of questions to the candidate through which he/she tries to asses and evaluate the personality of the candidate, the enthusiasm and intelligence of the candidate, situation handling capability of the candidate and different subjective aspects of the candidate as facial expressions, appearance, nervousness etc. The different types of interviews are:- * Non-directive interview * Patterned interview * Structured/situational interview * Panel interview * Appraisal interview Reference check:- Once the interview is over the reference check of the candidates are done.The candidates are required to mention 2-3 references in the application forms, which may be from the individuals who are familiar with the candidateâ₠¬â„¢s academic achievements of may be from the candidate’s previous employer who is well acquainted with the candidate’s job performance. ACCEPTANCE/ HIRING DECISIONS: The final decisions are taken – whether to select or reject a candidate after soliciting the required information through the different techniques and selection tools. The recruiter has to take adequate care in taking the final decisions Job description for a Restaurant Manager: POSITION:-Restaurant Manager – Waterfront Hotel, New Plymouth. SCOPE OF THE POSITION:- * Attend to the customer’s complaints and grievances. * Provide direction, leadership and supervision to the restaurant staffs in accordance to the goals, objectives and standards set up by the organization. * Monitor departmental cost controlling to meet the budget * Ensure the staffs are properly trained and groomed, to maintain quality standards. * Ensure to attend any emergency without any delay and take the necessary s teps. * Ensure to perform with high professionalism as per the standards of the organization. Assist the F&B Manager. ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONS:- * The restaurant manager will directly report to the F&B manager. * The restaurant manager will be responsible for the day-to-day operation of the restaurant, as well as for providing guidance to the captains and the staffs of the restaurant. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: * Overseeing the day to day operation of the restaurant. * Co-ordinating the entire operation of the restaurant during scheduled shifts. * Meeting and getting feedback from the customers. * Responding to the customer complaints. * Advising customers on menu and wine choices. Managing the staffs and providing them with feedbacks. * Analysing and planning the restaurant sales levels and profitability. * Organizing marketing activities. Such as promotional events and discount schemes. * Planning and co-ordinating menus. * Ensure the grooming of the staffs and the hygiene of th e restaurant and food-preparation area. * Check the quality of deliveries from the suppliers. * Recruiting, training and motivating staffs. * Checking stock levels and ordering supplies. * Preparing cash drawers and providing petty cash as required. * Maintaining high standards of quality control, hygiene and health and safety. Helping in any area of the restaurant when needed. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:- * Bachelor/Master’s Degree in hospitality management. * Minimum 4 years of working experience in any restaurant * Candidate should have good business/managerial skills. * Candidate should have a basic knowledge in computer and PMS. * Candidate should have an excellent communication skills, organizational and time management skills. * Prior experience in cash-handling in restaurant is required. Recommendations: I recommend that the Waterfront hotel should prefer to recruit external employee, as in that case the candidate will have a prior experience of the uties and responsibiliti es associated with the designation of restaurant manager, hence he will be well versed with the level of performance expected from him. There should be a proper panel of qualified, experienced and skilful people for the selection process of the restaurant manager. Conclusion: I would like to conclude this report by saying that by following this recruitment plan, the organization (Waterfront Hotel) will certainly be able to recruit the suitable person required for the restaurant manager position. Bibliography:

IT Control

IT control is â€Å"A policy that provides a reasonable assurance that the information technology used by an organization operates as expected, that the data is reliable and the organization is in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.† It can be categorized into the management controls and application controls. Insufficient IT control means the organization fails to protect the information asset, which means the organization is more likely to suffer losses from the exploited threats. Log review is one of the IT control practice, it is the process of recording events that happened on the system, e.g. User login and Modification on files content. By monitoring system activity, it helps to detect any malicious activities that act against the system. For instance, if a company does not establish proper control: fail to create and review logs regularly, it fails to discover the malicious act of the staff: an IT staff tried to turn off / disable the system firewall without specific reason during business operating hours. This act allows all data packets to enter and exit the network unrestrictedly and put the system network at risk. Without the firewall protection, some malware includes computer viruses; worms and Trojan horses can easily spread across the network connection and infect all the computers that attached to the local area network. Therefore, data inside the system can be destroyed or stolen. Not only disrupting the business operation, the stolen data (include confidential information like customer banking account details) may also be released to an unauthorized party for conducting financial crimes – cause of data breach. The company may fine by the information commissioner's office as it violates the data protection rule and expose customer sensitive information. We can see that insufficient IT control makes organizations become more vulnerable to outsiders' attacks. Companies will find out that it is more difficult to retain customers due to their bad reputation and competitive disadvantages.

Spring Essay Example

Spring Essay Example Spring Essay Spring Essay There is a joy to spring that is like no other time of year. The winter cold and gray skies give way to the sunshine and winds that warm you, instead of chilling you to the bone.   Freezing winter rains give way to the soft gentle sprinkles needed for rebirth. It’s like waking up slowly from a restful night and knowing that the day holds exciting adventures. Spring sneaks up on you, like a wonderful surprise, just when you thought winter and the bitter cold were going to last forever. Then, one morning, as if out of nowhere, tiny blades of newborn grass peak out of the barren ground and sun falls warm on the windowpane. Chirping birds hunt for the just hatched bugs and squirrels yawn and stretch, poking their noses out into the spring air to decide if it is warm enough to stop their winter’s sleep. Life springs forth all at once and the longer days coax the spring flowers to brighten the world a bit more. First, the daffodils pop up as if by magic, their bright yellow cups mirroring the sunshine. And while we are distracted by the daffodils, the azaleas bloom and the tulips reach for the sun, adding ever more color to a world that just days ago was nothing but gray. In spring, it feels as though the world and nature itself are optimistic, deciding that it is worth continuing on. Each day holds a new surprise and new joys to behold. With the flowers and warming sun, comfortable breezes and soft rains, is it any wonder I love spring?

Qu es I-9 para verificar que se puede trabajar en USA

Qu es I-9 para verificar que se puede trabajar en USA El formulario I-9 es la herramienta  que utiliza el gobierno federal para verificar que las personas que buscan empleo  en Estados Unidos cumplen con los requisitos migratorios para trabajar. Por ley, el I-9 es un documento que deben completar todos los empresarios, compaà ±Ãƒ ­as, reclutadores y personas que refieren a un empleado a cambio de una compensacià ³n econà ³mica. Cmo funciona el I-9 para verificar que se puede trabajar en USA Cuando un trabajador busca trabajo y encuentra a un empleador dispuesto a contratar, debe probar su identidad y que est autorizado para aceptar empleo en los Estados Unidos. Por ley, en estos casos el empresario debe colectar documentos que prueben dos cosas. En primer lugar la identidad de la persona que solicita el trabajo, es decir, que es quien dice ser. Y, en segundo lugar, que est autorizado por ley para trabajar en los Estados Unidos. Para cumplir con ese doble requerimiento el formulario I-9 admite como prueba una serie de documentos, divididos en lo que se conoce como listas A, B y C. Documentos incluidos en la lista A Sirven para probar, al mismo tiempo, la identidad del solicitante de empleo y su derecho a trabajar conforme a las leyes migratorias de los Estados Unidos.    Si se presentar un documento de la Lista A, es suficiente con 1 sà ³lo. Por el contrario, si se elige un documento de la lista B, tambià ©n hay que presentar otro de la lista C   Los siguientes son documentos de la lista A para el formulario I-9: Pasaporte americano Tarjeta de pasaporte de los Estados UnidosPasaporte de los Estados Federados de Micronesia, junto con el documento I-94 de entrada y salidaPasaporte de las Islas Marshall con I-94 de registro de entrada y salida. Tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card. Para trabajar son vlidas las tarjetas que tienen firma de su titular y tambià ©n las que carecen de ella.Pasaportes extranjeros con residencia temporal estampada en pasaporte. Es lo que se   conoce como I-551Pasaportes extranjeros con una anotacià ³n temporal I-551 en una visa de inmigrante que puede ser leà ­da por una mquina. Lo que se conoce en inglà ©s por sus siglas MRIV (machine-readable immigrant visa.Las tarjetas de autorizacià ³n de empleo que se conocen en inglà ©s por las siglas EAD. Deben tener foto de su titular. Pasaportes extranjeros con una visa de trabajo y con el documento I-94 de registro de entrada y de salida. En el caso particular de visas de estudiante o de las J-1 de intercambio puede que resulte necesario presentar ms documentacià ³n. Esto à ºltimo va a depender del caso particular de cada uno. Documentos admitidos para probar la identidad para trabajar: lista B Cuando no es posible presentar un documento de la Lista A seà ±alada anteriormente, entonces es necesario presentar 2  documentos. Uno para probar identidad de la persona que quiere trabajar, que es lo que se conoce como Lista B. Adems, es imprescindible otro documento para demostrar que puede trabajar legalmente en los Estados Unidos, que es lo que se conoce como lista C. En otras palabras, se puede mostrar 1 documento de la lista A, o dos documentos, en cuyo caso 1 tiene que ser de la lista B y el otro de la lista C.   Todos los documentos siguientes estn incluidos en la lista B para demostrar la identidad y, por lo tanto, se puede presentar cualquiera de ellos: Licencia de manejar emitida por uno de los estados de los Estados Unidos o uno de sus territorios, como por ejemplo, Puerto Rico. Debe contener fotografà ­a de su titular y datos como nombre completo, fecha de nacimiento, gà ©nero, altura, color de los ojos y direccià ³n actual.Una tarjeta identificativa (ID card) emitida por una agencia o entidad del gobierno federal, del estado o local. El caso ms comà ºn es el emitido por las autoridades del departamento de vehà ­culos de los estados y que son como una licencia de manejar pero precisamente no sirven para conducir, sino solo para identificarse. En todo caso deben estas tarjetas identificativas deben contener la foto de su titular e informacià ³n como nombre completo, direccià ³n, fecha de nacimiento y datos fà ­sicos como altura, gà ©nero y color de ojos.Licencia de manejar emitida por una autoridad de Canad La tarjeta de registracià ³n para votarUna tarjeta identificativa de la escuela que incluya fotografà ­a de su ti tularTarjeta militarTarjeta de familiar de militar Record del servicio militar Tarjeta de Marineros mercantes de la Guardia Costera de los Estados Unidos, que se conoce por sus siglas en inglà ©s de MMDDocumento de una de las tribus nativas de los Estados Unidos Adems, los menores de 18 aà ±os que no tienen ninguno de esos documentos mencionados, pueden presentar en su lugar cualquiera de los siguientes:   Rà ©cord de la escuela o de las calificacionesRà ©cord de la guarderà ­aRà ©cord mà ©dico de un doctor, clà ­nica u hospital Tener en cuenta que en los casos en los que se presenta un documento de la lista B que justo se acaban de listar, es necesario tambià ©n presentar un documento de la lista C para demostrar que desde el punto de vista de las leyes migratorias se est autorizado para trabajar Documentos de la Lista C para probar que se puede trabajar en USA Una tarjeta del Nà ºmero del Seguro Social sin restricciones. Es decir, NO se puede presentar como documento de la Lista C una tarjeta que incluye limitaciones como not valid for employment o valid for work only with DHS authorization.La Certificacià ³n de Nacimiento en el Extranjero (FS-545) o la Certificacià ³n de Reporte de Nacimiento (DS-1350). Estos documentos son emitidos por el Departamento de Estado a los nià ±os hijos de estadounidenses que nacen fuera de los Estados Unidos y que adquieren la ciudadanà ­a americana al nacer por derecho de sangre. La certificacià ³n de nacimiento emitida por la autoridad de un estado, condado o municipio de los Estados Unidos o de uno de sus territorios. En estos casos se admite tanto el original como copia certificada pero en ambos casos es necesario que contenga el sello de la autoridad que los emite.El certificado de naturalizacià ³n   El certificado de ciudadanà ­a americana, documentos N-560 o el N-561Documento de una tribu Nat ivo-americana.El I-197, que es una tarjeta que identifica a ciudadano de los Estados Unidos o el I-179, que es una tarjeta de identificacià ³n de ciudadanos residentes El registro de ingreso y salida I-94 emitido a un asilado El Permiso de Reentrada que no est expirado, que tambià ©n se conoce como I-327Y, en el caso de residentes condicionales, se puede presentar la planilla que se conoce como I-797 junto con su green card expirada (I-551). A tener en cuenta Si no se cumple con el requisito del I-9, tanto la empresa como el empleado pueden enfrentarse a castigos. Por otro lado, no confundir el I-9, que es obligatorio en todos los casos, con el sistema e-verify, que es voluntario en la mayorà ­a de los casos y tiene como requerimientos siempre el tener que presentar la tarjeta del nà ºmero del seguro social y un I.D. con foto. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Case Study - Essay Example Integrating with another company allowed Wal-Mart to gain retail facilities and employees quickly, which saved time  and prevented lost profit. Additionally, it eliminated competition by doing business first with its competitors. This brought Wal-Mart time to gain excellent position in the market while avoiding tough competition with established retailers, which could result in huge losses for the â€Å"newcomer.† Once Wal-Mart opens its own stores, it employs its classic â€Å"pile ‘em high, sell ‘em cheap† strategy, which has a universal appeal to consumers. This strategy worked best at times of recession and in emerging markets since it is when and where buyers want to make the most out of their money. Because of its extensive reach and strong customer patronage, Wal-Mart virtually controls what goes into the households in the areas it dominates. Fears that Wal-Mart is becoming â€Å"too powerful† have been roared by activists and sufficiently echoed by the media. Many companies, producers, and buyers are afraid that Wal-Mart will soon be monopolizing the global retail market. Hence, activists and the media, backed by producers and retailers, are strengthening their opposition to Wal-Mart. Also, some retailers in Mexico, who were previously competitors, have begun collaborating to match the giant retailer. Yet the greatest challenge for Wal-Mart is the possibility that consumers may share the fears for a â€Å"too powerful† retailer. This fear could easily spread as many shops have already shut down as a result of Wal-Mart’s presence. In 2001, Wal-Mart earned more than three times that of its strongest competitor. However, the figures are not indicative of global performance since much of its revenue comes from North America. Considering its U.S. performance, it has fared badly internationally, particularly in countries which are drastically different

Describe and explain the concepsts visions and ethical behavior of 4 Essay

Describe and explain the concepsts visions and ethical behavior of 4 philosophers - Essay Example e no actions that have no specific causes, and so there are no actions emanating from will that are not caused by prior motives and circumstances, as well as human temperaments. He rejects that man enjoys liberty, therefore, and argues that man instead acts from necessity. As a skeptic, on the other hand, he argues that we must be modest when it comes to making judgments, because of the contradictions inherent in all reasoning of the mind, and when we do speculate on the nature of things, we must strive to stick to the facts and employ such activities on matters that require abstractions of the mind. He extends this skeptical stance to religion. As opposed to adhering to a religion of belief, moreover, he proposed a more natural religion. In matters of morality, moreover, he argues that it is the passions, instinct, and the psychological realities in man rather than rationality that govern the dynamics of human morality. The ultimate ground of his morality is not reason, but somethin g innate in us, a built in moral sense, and that moral sense must have come from God. It is this sense, in the gut or in the human sentiment, that is the true cause of moral virtues in man and not reason (Morris and Brown). In Kant we have the first synthesis of rationality and of empiricism as championed by Hume. In Kant the fulcrum of the moral philosophy is that man is capable of being autonomous. Human reason is the primary faculty that allows man to discern what is good from what is bad, from what is moral and not moral. He posits that the basis of all natural laws is the capacity of man for understanding, and from human rationality and human understanding flows human beliefs in the Divine, the eternity of souls, our notions of freedom, in other words the way we perceive and structure our experiences all spring from this ability of man to reason and to make sense of the world thus. This is the essence too of the autonomy of man, to be able to discern all this, and that because

Buyer behaviour- how buyer Behaviour Is Used In the Context of Essay

Buyer behaviour- how buyer Behaviour Is Used In the Context of Marketing - Essay Example Also gives the reader an insight about the influence of buyer behaviour on the development of Nestle MilkPak’s marketing mix within the packaged milk industry; it shows how the product, price, placement, and promotion of the product have been altered to best fit the consumers’ choice and also encourage positive buyer behaviour, which in turn induces consumer loyalty and attracts more consumers. In addition to this, the report also discusses the different marketing communication channels and how they are being used by the company to influence the consumer decision-making  process with regard to the consumer decision-making model, the technique that has been applied by the company and how it influences the purchase of their product.   Aims and Objectives: Following are the aims and objectives of the report: To understand the importance of buyer behaviour in the Packaged Milk Industry, specifically for Nestle MilkPak with regard to market segmentation, target market as well as product positioning. The influence of buyer behaviour on the development of Nestle MilkPak`s marketing mix within the packaged milk industry i.e. ... applied by the company and how it influences the purchase of their product.   Nestle The Company: In 1866, Henri Nestle founded the Nestle Company in Vevey, Switzerland and its headquarters are still based there to date. Its factories and operations are spread all over the world, with approximately 280,000 global employees. Its sales for 2010 were almost CHF 110 bn. Nestle is one of the top Nutrition, Health and Wellness companies in the world, pursuing the mission of "Good Food, Good Life". The company aims towards providing its consumers with tasty and nutritious food in a wide range of food and beverage categories. (Nestle.com 2011) Nestle MilkPak: MilkPak by Nestle is well known for its nutritious value and uncontaminated natural taste. It has added nutritious value of Iron, Vitamin C and Vitamin A, which is very beneficial for the health of the entire family. MilkPak is harmonized UHT milk that benefits from NESTLE’s expertise and is brimming with healthiness, wellness and nutrition. A single glass of MilkPak fulfils 20% Iron, 41% Calcium, 18% Vitamin A and 20% Vitamin C of an individuals’ daily requirement, as stated by Nutritional Reference Values, CODEX Alimentarius. (Nestle.pk 2007) Milk, as well as dairy products,  contain a vast quantity of nutrients and provide a shortcut of the supplying of these nutrients to the diet within moderately few calories. (The Dairy Council 2011) Milk is an important source of nutrition and its hygienic quality is important from public health point of view. (K. Muhammad, I. Altaf, A. Hanif, A. A. Anjum* and M. Y. Tipu 2009) Market Segmentation: Market segmentation can be divided into two broad categories, namely descriptive and behavioural. The descriptive market segmentation is done on the basis of descriptive

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Mutants

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) Mutants GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) MUTANTS WITH ALTERED FLUORESCENCE INTENSITY AND EMMISSION SPECTRA Introduction: Now-a-days GFP is creating revolution in the field of science by its applications and properties.GFP is a stable protein extracted from the photo organs of the jellyfish Aequoria victoria by Shimomura et al in 1962. In 1992 the cloning of GFP has done. It is found in a variety of coelenterates (both hydrozoa and anthozoa) and it emits light by utilising energy from the Ca2+ activated photoprotein aequorin [1]. Energy transfer and the emission spectra of GFP can be affected by dimerization. Structure of GFP is cylindrical ÃŽ ²-can structure and has a chromophore located centrally. The chromophore is responsible for the fluorescence and the formation is independent of species but mainly depends on oxygen. GFP is a small protein and has been made up of 238 amino acids. Deletion of any seven amino acids either from C-terminus or N-terminus may result in the loss of fluorescence. Amino acid replacement is responsible for the change in colours of GFP. It has a molecular weight of 27 KDa an d has an absorption range at 488 nm and an emission range at 509 nm. It can accomplish high temperatures (65 ÌŠc) and basic PH range of 6-12 [2]. Increase in PH results in the decrease of fluorescence. Increase in the fluorescence and photo stability can be achieved by single point mutation at S65T. Fluorophore of the GFP is generated by using auto-catalytic process of continuous mechanisms. Visible excitation is one of the optical properties of GFP. Its derivatives are produced from the mutagenesis experiments like random and directed mutagenesis [3]. GFP is majorly used as a reporter in expressing genes. Protein and chromophore folding also constitutes as a major advantage of GFP. It can also be used in protein fusion by applying recombinant DNA technology. Aim of this research is to analyze properties of GFP by cloning, mutations, expression of proteins and purification. Objectives of this research are to sub-clone GFP into a vector and mutations are carried out by various mutagenesis experiments followed by expression of proteins and purification. Finally after purification properties are analyzed. Materials and methods: Initially DNA is isolated and GFPuv is sub-cloned into the pET28c vector from pET23 plasmid by speectrophotometric analysis. 5 µg of pET23GFPuv DNA is digested by using NdeI and HindIII restriction enzymes. And the digests are analysed by using Agarose gel electrophoresis. GFP fragment is extracted and purified using QIA quick gel extraction kit from QIAGEN and the recovered DNA is estimated. Recombinant protein is expressed in E.coli by ligation and transformation. To confirm the presence of GFP in the pET28c plasmid, colony PCR is used. Further mutagenesis experiments are carried out by designing oligonucleotide primers which will alter the spectral properties of the protein. Complementary primers containing same mutations are generated. Mutagenic primers are prepared with a melting temperature of ≠¥ 78 ºC, length between 25 and 45 bases and primers longer than 45 bases are generally used. Introduction and identification of mutations within GFPuv gene: Mutations are created in the GFPuv insert by site-directed mutagenesis Site-directed mutagenesis: 5 µl 10 x PCR buffer 5 µl 20 mM dNTP mixes 15 ng GFPuv-pET28c template DNA 125ng oligonucleotide primer F+ 125ng oligonucleotide primer R+ 2 µl 25mM MgSo4 32 µl sterile water 1 µl KOD hot start polymerase (1U/ µl) * All the above are added to 0.2ml PCR tubes and incubated in a PCR machine for 24 cycles: 94 ºC 30s 94 ºC 30s 55 ºC 1min 68 ºC 4min 20s 68 ºC 10 min * Reaction is then kept on ice for 2 min and 1 µl (1U) of Dpn1 is added and incubated for 60 min at 37 ºC Alignment of amino acid sequences is carried out using: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/clustalw2/index.html Product of site-directed mutagenesis (pET28c DNA) is transformed into XL-1 supercompetent cells. Transformed colonies are extracted using QIAprep Mini prep kit Qiagen [5]. Concentration and purity can be checked by using Agarose gel electrophoresis. For this 5 µl of plasmid preparation and 10U HindIII are digested at 37 ºC for 1h. Sequencing is then carried out by using 10 µl of DNA at a concentration of 50ng/ µl. E.coli BL21 (DE3) cells are prepared and are transformed into the pET28cGFPuv plasmid for expression Auto-induction method: Wild type protein (GFPuv) and the mutant protein are expressed in the expression vector [BL21 (DE3)] using auto-induction method. For this transformed colonies are inoculated into 3ml of LB-1D + antibiotic media and incubated at 37 ºC at 300 RPM for 6 hrs and O.D is taken. Inoculum is taken into the flask containing SB-5052 auto-induction medium along with antibiotic and incubated at 28 ºC at 300 RPM for 20 hrs. Cultures are then cooled for 1 hr. Total induced sample is prepared by taking 100 µl of cooling culture and 900 µl of SB-5052 media. Cells are then pelletized by centrifuging it with both total induced and non-induced samples and are resuspended in 100 µl of SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE)) sample buffer. 12% of polyacrylamide gel is prepared and the Soluble and insoluble samples are prepared by cell fractionation using BUGBUSTER. For this 1 µl of DNAase1 is used along with reagents. Cell suspension is then centrifuged at 13000rpm for 20mins. Supernatant is then used as soluble sample and insoluble is prepared by resuspending the pellet in 2ml binding buffer. SDS-PAGE buffer and binding buffer are added to the soluble and insoluble fractions. At 95 ºC all samples are heated for 5 min. Gel is then loaded as: Molecular weight standard-5 µl Uninduced sample 5 µl Induced total sample 5 µl Soluble sample 5 µl Gel has to run for 1 hr. And is transfered to a box of Coomassie blue stain. Western blotting: GFP protein presence can be verified using western blotting technique. Protein samples are first seperated by SDS-PAGE and are transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane. GFP bound to nitrocellulose membrane is then visualised by incubating the blot with His-probe which is linked to a HRP (horse radish peroxidase) enzyme (HisprobeTM-HRP solution is diluted to 1:5000 (1 µl in 5ml) ). His-tag of GFP protein is bound to probe. Blots are kept in TBST and probes and thus probes are visualised by chemiluminescence and these are photographed by chemiluminescent reader. Ni-NTA chromatography: His tagged GFP can be purified by Ni-NTA (nickel nitrilo triacetic acid) chromatography method. In this, sample of soluble protein is loaded on column packed agarose resin and the non-specific protein binding is removed by washing resin with buffer and is eluted by high concentrated imidazole of elution buffer. After elution the purification of protein is done by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining. The concentration of the protein is measured by Bradford assay. Fluorimetry and mass spectrometry: Properties of GFPuv protein are analysed by Fluorimetry and mass spectroscopy. Fluorimetry: In this wavelength and intensity of a molecule at specific wavelength are measured using fluorimeters. Perkin Elmer LS50B is the fluorimeter used to measure GFP. Quartz cuvettes are placed in a chamber to measure the concentration and intensity. The parameters set to measure GFP are: Excitation 440nm Emission 460-550nm Slit widths 4 and 4 Accumulation 5 20 µg/ml of protein concentration is used. The emission and excitor wavelengths are set at 509nm and 395nm. Mass spectrometry: GFPuv properties and molecular mass can be analysed by mass spectroscopy. The type of mass spectroscopy used here is electron spray ionization (ESI). ESI is a type of atmospheric pressure ionisation technique (API) which is used for biochemical analysis. JEOL HX110/HX110A equipped with electron ion source tandem mass spectrometers are used to analyse structural properties [7]. 1-10 pmol/ µl of protein concentration is used. Solvents used are: MeOH MeCN TFA During ionisation sample is dissolved in a solvent and is pumped through a steel capillary at a rate of 1 µl/min and voltage of 3 or 4KV is applied [8]. Ion current is amplified by the detector and the data system will record signals in the form of mass spectrum. RESULTS: Site-directed mutagenesis: Primers used for site directed mutagenesis (Mutant) Forward primer: 5-CACTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCC-3 Reverse primer: 5-GGAAAAGCATTGAACACCCCAAGAGAAAGTAGTGACAAGTG-3 Alignment of the amino acid sequence of the mutant with the GFPuv amino acid sequence GFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 mGFPuv MSKGEELFTGVVPILVELDGDVNGHKFSVSGEGEGDATYGKLTLKFICTTGKLPVPWPTL 60 ************************************************************ GFPuv VTTFSYGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 mGFPuv VTTFSWGVQCFSRYPDHMKRHDFFKSAMPEGYVQERTISFKDDGNYKTRAEVKFEGDTLV 120 *****:****************************************************** Y66W GFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 mGFPuv NRIELKGIDFKEDGNILGHKLEYNYNSHNVYITADKQKNGIKANFKIRHNIEDGSVQLAD 180 ************************************************************ GFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 mGFPuv HYQQNTPIGDGPVLLPDNHYLSTQSALSKDPNEKRDHMVLLEFVTAAGITHGMDELYK- 238 ********************************************************** Amino acid substitution: Y66W Belongs to Class 5, indole in chromophore (cyan fluorescent proteins) [6] eCFP CATATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 60 GFP ATGAGTAAAGGAGAAGAACTTTTCACTGGAGTTGTCCCAATTCTTGTTGAATTAGAT 57 ********************************************************* eCFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 120 GFP GGTGATGTTAATGGGCACAAATTTTCTGTCAGTGGAGAGGGTGAAGGTGATGCAACATAC 117 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 180 GFP GGAAAACTTACCCTTAAATTTATTTGCACTACTGGAAAACTACCTGTTCCATGGCCAACA 177 ************************************************************ eCFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTGGGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCACATGAAA 240 GFP CTTGTCACTACTTTCTCTTATGGTGTTCAATGCTTTTCCCGTTATCCGGATCATATGAAA 237 ******************* ******************************** ****** Mutation eCFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 300 GFP CGGCATGACTTTTTCAAGAGTGCCATGCCCGAAGGTTATGTACAGGAACGCACTATATCT 297 ************************************************************ eCFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 360 GFP TTCAAAGATGACGGGAACTACAAGACGCGTGCTGAAGTCAAGTTTGAAGGTGATACCCTT 357 ************************************************************ eCFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 420 GFP GTTAATCGTATCGAGTTAAAAGGTATTGATTTTAAAGAAGATGGAAACATTCTCGGACAC 417 ************************************************************ eCFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 480 GFP AAACTCGAGTACAACTATAACTCACACAATGTATACATCACGGCAGACAAACAAAAGAAT 477 ************************************************************ eCFP GGAATCAAAGCT 492 GFP GGAATCAAAGCTAACTTCAAAATTCGCCACAACATTGAAGATGGATCCGTTCAACTAGCA 537 ************ eCFP GFP GACCATTATCAACAAAATACTCCAATTGGCGATGGCCCTGTCCTTTTACCAGACAACCAT 597 eCFP GFP TACCTGTCGACACAATCTGCCCTTTCGAAAGATCCCAACGAAAAGCGTGACCACATGGTC 657 eCFP GFP CTTCTTGAGTTTGTAACTGCTGCTGGGATTACACATGGCATGGATGAGCTCTACAAATAA 717 SDS-PAGE : Coomassie staining gel of (Sample 6): Marker GFP protein (soluble sample) Western blotting (Sample 11): Induced total sample GFP protein Ni-NTA chromatography: Fluorimetry: Mass spectrometry: Wild-type: Mutant: Discussion: Site-directed mutagenesis: In the site-directed mutagenesis mutation is carried out at the right place i.e., at 197 and 198 places. Tyrosine (TAT) is mutated to tryptophan (TGG), Y W. During this mutation protein undergoes many changes especially in the fluorescence. GFP turns into CFP (Cyan fluorescent protein) hence the light emitted will not be exactly green. CFP will have many peculiar features like rather than single excitation and emission peaks it possess double humping. Tag CFP possess some properties like: Structure monomer Molecular weight 27KDa Polypeptide length 239aa Fluorescence colour Cyan Maximum excitation 458nm Maximum emission 480nm Excitation coefficient 37000M-1 cm-1 Pka 4.7 Quantum yield 0.57 Brightness 21.1 Brightness is produced by the quantum yield and extinction coefficient. Dual colour visualisation of the protein expressed is enabled by the CFP. This has led to the Fluorescence Resonance Energy Development (FRET). SDS-PAGE: SDS-PAGE is carried out to separate proteins according to their electrophoretic mobility and experimental repeats will result in the purity assessment of the protein. Four wells are loaded with samples and 2 and 4 wells show protein result and as 1 and 3 wells dont contain protein they will be normal without any bands. Results shows that little amount of GFP has been observed in the insoluble and large amount of protein has been observed in the soluble sample. Uninduced sample cannot find GFP. Western-blotting: Western-blot is performed to make sure the presence of protein. Histidine tagged probe is added to confirm the protein present was GFP or not. pET28c plasmid contains T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. But this promoter is blocked by the repressor. Hence lactose containing medium is required for E.coli growth. Because lactose is used as carbon source, glucose is converted into allolactose. This allolactose will bind to repressor by unblocking promoter, and expresses GFP. Hence presence of glucose will result in Lac-I and is binds to the operator. Band observed in the blot is probably GFP and it has high level of intensity after induction. And it is necessary to confirm this by performing blotting technique using His probe to detect His tagged GFP. Bands are observed in the induced and soluble samples after performing western blotting confirming the presence of GFP. Ni-NTA chromatography: Purification of GFP can be done by Ni-NTA chromatography. For a recombinant protein the amino acid binding site with 6 or more His residues in a row acts as metal binding site. So hexa-his sequence is called as His-tag. His-tag sequence is present in the N-terminal of the target protein and is located in the promoter region adjacently to the GFP gene. During this process enzyme HRP is also bound to the probe. This HRP-probe will react with luminal 4 peroxidase buffer which is further used for purifying GFP by Ni-NTA chromatography. Purification by His-tagged GFP can be done by using several methods like Ni2+-poly (2 acetomidoacrylic acid) hydrogel. Displacement of GFP can be done by binding nickel to imidazole. This is mainly because of high affinity of nickel towards imidazole compared to GFP.Distinctive bands are supposed to observe in the elute1, elute 2 and also in the total soluble fraction. Bands formed states the presence of the GFP mutant. Absence of the bands states mutant a bsence. In the results bands are observed at the total induced and the soluble samples which state the protein presence. Even small amounts of bands are also observed in the insoluble sample. GFP protein produced in the induced total sample is approximately at 27KDa. Slight bands are observed in the insoluble sample as it may be because of some impurities. Finally the GFP protein has been detected. References: 1. Davenport D, Nichol JAC: Luminescence in Hydromedusae. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B 1955, 144:399-411 2. Ward. W., Prentice, H., Roth, A. Cody. C. and Reeeves.S.1982.Spectral perturbations of the Aequoria green fluorescent protein. Photochem. Photobiol. 35:803-808 3. Cormack, B. P., Valdivia, R. H., Falkow, S. (1996). FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene, In press 4. Darelle Thomson , Greg Smith. (2001).PCR-based plasmid vector construction for generation of recombinant viruses. Journal of Virological Methods 94, 7-14 5. Vogelstein, B., and Gillespie, D. (1979) Preparative and analytical purification of DNA from agarose. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 615-619. 6. HEIM, R., PRASHER, D. C. TSIEN, R. Y. 1994. Wavelength Mutations and Posttranslational Autoxidation of Green Fluorescent Protein. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 91, 12501-12504. 7. HARUKI NIWA, SATOSHI INOUYE et,al., Chemical nature of the light emitter of the Aequorea green fluorescent protein. Vol. 93, pp. 13617-13622, November 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 8. â€Å"Mass Spectrometry: A Foundation Course†, K. Downard, Royal Society of Chemistry, UK, 2004.

Mother Teresa Essay -- essays research papers

Biography Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu was born August 26, 1910 in Skopje, in Macedonia. Her childhood was comfortable and prosperous due to her father’s success. Her father encouraged his children to be generous and compassionate to those less fortunate. Her mother was very religious and she took the children to morning mass. Agnes often helped her mother deliver parcels of food and money to the poor and prayed with the whole family every evening. The family’s life changed dramatically after their father’s death, when Agnes was 9. Although now poor themselves, they continued to help those less fortunate. Christianity became increasingly important in Agnes’ life. From the age of 12, she was aware of a desire to devote her life to God. As Agnes thought about what she could do for Christ, she started to feel a call for God. In the two years she decided to become a nun. Agnes spent longer periods of time going on retreats and received guidance from her Father Confessor. At th e age of 17, she made the decision to become a nun, because she had been taught that chastity is a special and pure grace. This was an important moment for Agnes as she chose a life of self-sacrifice. Agnes was just 18 when she decided to join the Sisters of Our Lady of Loreto, who were very active in India. On December 1, 1928 the crossing to India started. In the beginning of 1929 they reached Colombo, then Madres and finally Calcutta. The journey continued to Darjeeling, where she completed her training. Agnes was trained in prayer, scriptures, theology, and the spirituality and history of her Order. She started to learn Hindi and Bengali and to improve her English. She taught at the local school and worked in a small medical station. On May 24, 1931, Agnes took her first vows of poverty, chastity and obedience as a sister of Loreto. She chose her name in religious life as St. Theresa of Lisieux. Soon after she went to Calcutta to begin her teaching career. She went to Loreto and for the next 19 years she lived the life of a Loreto nun and an educator of girls in a form of semi-enclosure. Her main subject was geography until she became head mistress. Whenever she left the compo und to teach at another school, she would see the slums. Calcutta was a deeply troubled city due to famine, floods and cyclones, which destroyed harvests and the number of beggars in search of food greatly increased. S... ...ers to â€Å"Give Christ to the world, do not keep him to yourself and in doing so use your hands.† Mother Teresa on the significance of death said â€Å"For me that is the greatest development of the human life, to die in peace and dignity, because that’s for eternity.† She is a Christian following in the footsteps of Jesus Christ. The heart of the Christian message is forgiveness, and in Mother Teresa’s own words â€Å"Without forgiveness there can be no real love.† She fully understood the Gospel of love; she practiced it with her whole heart, and through the daily toil of her hands. Through Mother Teresa’s work, many other charities were started. She had a dream, which became a reality. She provided a refuge of last resort for the dying when the alternative was to die alone on the street. The belief that God mandated Mother Teresa is shared by all of her Sisters. The way her life touched others particularly in the West, will probably be considered a far greater achievement than anything she did to change Calcutta. She devoted herself to helping the dying, the destitute, lepers, AIDS victims, orphans and society’s outcasts around the world because she saw in each person the human face of God.

Why Do People Talk About Others?

I have written my first essay. It took me hours and hours, and I just gave up. Please provide some constructive feedback. I know nothing beats practise, practise, practise, but some guide in the right direction would be muchly appreciated. Thanking in advise. Here goes: – We cannot control the evil tongues of others; but a good life enables us to disregard them. Cato the Elder (234 BC – 149 BC) There is so much good in the worst of us, And so much bad in the best of us, That it hardly behooves any of us To talk about the rest of us.Edward Wallis Hoch (1849 – 1925), Marion (Kansas) Record Never tell evil of a man, if you do not know it for certainty, and if you know it for a certainty, then ask yourself, ‘Why should I tell it? ‘ Johann K. Lavater A rumor without a leg to stand on will get around some other way. John Tudor Scandal is gossip made tedious by morality. Oscar Wilde (1854 – 1900), Lady Windermere's Fan, 1892, Act III Why do we talk ab out other people? Oscar Wilde's statement â€Å"Scandal is gossip made tedious by morality† shows something of the reason we talk about other people.Gossip relieves boredom. Gossiping carries such a negative connotation that few will proudly own to have done so, but few can say that they have not. Even John Tudor suggests that gossiping is a wide spread method of relieving boredom, when he said â€Å"A rumour without a leg to stand on will get around some other way. † For this reason, I somewhat agree with Cato the Elder's quote â€Å"We cannot control the evil tongues of others, but a good life enables us to disregard them. † For gossip is so common as to be navoidable. If gossip causes one discomfort, one will be living with discomfort all their life. Is it not a good life's phillosphy to accept this fact and not let other's ‘evil' tongue bother you? While accepting gossiping is a part of life, others attempt to advise us against gossiping. Edward Willis Hoch's quote† There is so much good in the worst of us, and so much bad in the best of us, that it hardly behooves any of us to talk about the rest of us. † suggests that there is not much point in gossiping.Also against gossiping is the the ‘think before you speak' phillosophy because as Tudor implies, rumour will spread and Lavater's â€Å"Why should I tell it? â€Å". These advice stem from the morality of giving respect for other's privacy, but they do not consider that the reason people gossip: the innate craving for learning, the comfort of having company and connection with other people. While some may say, there must be better things to learn about. Having company doesn't require talking about other people, there are other ways to connect. Yes, but why must we NOT talk about others?When talking about other people, we can: State facts: He has gone to London for a holiday. Give Opinion: They are married. What a bad match! Lie: She didn't do anything today! When we say facts, we are passing information. However, the same fact said can mean different things depending on the intent of the speaker. A child saying a by-passer is fat is simply stating an observation. Another person my say the same thing it to demean others. When we lie, it can be done with good intent. Thus it is the intent of the speaker that people are concerned about, not the gossip itself.It is through knowing one's action that one can learn from their mistakes, but one can only do so much! To learn from other's mistake is to not step in it yourself. If we do not talk about others, then one can only learn by doing things themshelves. Would this perhaps defeat the purpose of the education system? Does the benefit of learning not outweigh the intrusion into other's ‘privacy'? Not all gossip invades privacy. Gossip is a way people communicate, and learn. Gossip itself is not the immoral act, it is the intent of the gossiper that makes the act immoral or otherwise.